Diphtheria classification: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{DN}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{DN}} | ||
=Overview= | ==Overview== | ||
=Classification= | ==Classification== | ||
[[Diphtheria]] infection an be classified according to the causative agent or the clinical manifestations of the infection. | [[Diphtheria]] infection an be classified according to the causative agent or the clinical manifestations of the infection. | ||
===Causative Agent=== | |||
[[Diphtheria]] can be caused by several '''''[[Corynebacterium]]''''' species, which include:<ref name="pmid6321350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong TP, Groman N |title=Production of diphtheria toxin by selected isolates of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1114–6 |year=1984 |pmid=6321350 |pmc=264307 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | [[Diphtheria]] can be caused by several '''''[[Corynebacterium]]''''' species, which include:<ref name="pmid6321350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong TP, Groman N |title=Production of diphtheria toxin by selected isolates of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1114–6 |year=1984 |pmid=6321350 |pmc=264307 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*'''''[[Corynebacterium]] [[diphtheria]]''''' | |||
*'''''[[Corynebacterium]] ulcerans''''' | |||
*'''''[[Corynebacterium]] hemolyticum''''' | |||
*'''''[[Corynebacterium]] pseudotuberculosis''''' | |||
===Clinical Manifestations=== | |||
[[Diphtheria]] infection can present in several ways, which include:<ref name= "CDC"> Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/clinicians.html Accessed on Oct. 7, 2016. </ref> | [[Diphtheria]] infection can present in several ways, which include:<ref name= "CDC"> Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/clinicians.html Accessed on Oct. 7, 2016. </ref> | ||
*[[Respiratory]] [[diphtheria]], which may also be divided into [[nasal]], [[pharyngeal]] and [[laryngeal]] [[diphtheria]]<ref name="pmid490806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dobie RA, Tobey DN |title=Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract |journal=JAMA |volume=242 |issue=20 |pages=2197–201 |year=1979 |pmid=490806 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*Systemic [[diphtheria]], which results from the dissemination of [[diphtheria]] toxin into the heart<ref name="pmid14715320">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lumio JT, Groundstroem KW, Melnick OB, Huhtala H, Rakhmanova AG |title=Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with diphtheria: a prospective study |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=78–83 |year=2004 |pmid=14715320 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18103551">{{cite journal |vauthors=BOYER NH, WEINSTEIN L |title=Diphtheritic myocarditis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=239 |issue=24 |pages=913–9 |year=1948 |pmid=18103551 |doi=10.1056/NEJM194812092392403 |url=}}</ref>, kidneys and nervous system<ref name="pmid490806">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dobie RA, Tobey DN |title=Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract |journal=JAMA |volume=242 |issue=20 |pages=2197–201 |year=1979 |pmid=490806 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
*[[Cutaneous]] [[diphtheria]], which is caused by toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of '''''[[Corynebacterium]] [[diphtheria]]<ref name="pmid27373251">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rappold LC, Vogelgsang L, Klein S, Bode K, Enk AH, Haenssle HA |title=Primary cutaneous diphtheria: management, diagnostic workup, and treatment as exemplified by a rare case report |journal=J Dtsch Dermatol Ges |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=734–6 |year=2016 |pmid=27373251 |doi=10.1111/ddg.12722 |url=}}</ref> | |||
=References= | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}}{{WS}} | {{WH}}{{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | [[Category:Infectious disease]] | ||
Revision as of 15:28, 7 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
Overview
Classification
Diphtheria infection an be classified according to the causative agent or the clinical manifestations of the infection.
Causative Agent
Diphtheria can be caused by several Corynebacterium species, which include:[1]
- Corynebacterium diphtheria
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Corynebacterium hemolyticum
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Clinical Manifestations
Diphtheria infection can present in several ways, which include:[2]
- Respiratory diphtheria, which may also be divided into nasal, pharyngeal and laryngeal diphtheria[3]
- Systemic diphtheria, which results from the dissemination of diphtheria toxin into the heart[4][5], kidneys and nervous system[3]
- Cutaneous diphtheria, which is caused by toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria[6]
References
- ↑ Wong TP, Groman N (1984). "Production of diphtheria toxin by selected isolates of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis". Infect. Immun. 43 (3): 1114–6. PMC 264307. PMID 6321350.
- ↑ Center for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/clinicians.html Accessed on Oct. 7, 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dobie RA, Tobey DN (1979). "Clinical features of diphtheria in the respiratory tract". JAMA. 242 (20): 2197–201. PMID 490806.
- ↑ Lumio JT, Groundstroem KW, Melnick OB, Huhtala H, Rakhmanova AG (2004). "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with diphtheria: a prospective study". Am. J. Med. 116 (2): 78–83. PMID 14715320.
- ↑ BOYER NH, WEINSTEIN L (1948). "Diphtheritic myocarditis". N. Engl. J. Med. 239 (24): 913–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM194812092392403. PMID 18103551.
- ↑ Rappold LC, Vogelgsang L, Klein S, Bode K, Enk AH, Haenssle HA (2016). "Primary cutaneous diphtheria: management, diagnostic workup, and treatment as exemplified by a rare case report". J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 14 (7): 734–6. doi:10.1111/ddg.12722. PMID 27373251.