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Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world. In 1826, Diphtheria was named in 1826 by French physician [[Pierre Bretonneau]]. The name alludes to the leathery, sheath-like membrane that grows on the [[tonsils]], [[throat]], and in the nose.<ref>Pierre Bretonneau, ''Des inflammations spéciales du tissu muqueux, et en particulier de la diphtérite, ou inflammation pelliculaire, connue sous le nom de croup, d'angine maligne, d'angine gangréneuse, etc.'' [Special inflammations of mucous tissue, and in particular diphtheria or skin inflammation, known by the name of croup, malignant throat infection, gangrenous throat infection, etc.] (Paris, France: Crevot, 1826).<br> | Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world. In 1826, Diphtheria was named in 1826 by French physician [[Pierre Bretonneau]]. The name alludes to the leathery, sheath-like membrane that grows on the [[tonsils]], [[throat]], and in the nose.<ref>Pierre Bretonneau, ''Des inflammations spéciales du tissu muqueux, et en particulier de la diphtérite, ou inflammation pelliculaire, connue sous le nom de croup, d'angine maligne, d'angine gangréneuse, etc.'' [Special inflammations of mucous tissue, and in particular diphtheria or skin inflammation, known by the name of croup, malignant throat infection, gangrenous throat infection, etc.] (Paris, France: Crevot, 1826).<br> | ||
A condensed version of this work is available in: P. Bretonneau (1826) [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015062233708;view=1up;seq=217 "Extrait du traité de la diphthérite, angine maligne, ou croup épidémique"] (Extract from the treatise on diphtheria, malignant throat infection, or epidemic croup), ''Archives générales de médecine'', series 1, 11 : 219-254. From p. 230: " … M. Bretonneau a cru convenable de l'appeler diphthérite, dérivé de ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ, … " ( … Mr. Bretonneau thought it appropriate to call it diphtheria, derived from ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ [diphthera], … )</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Diphtheria|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diphtheria|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> | A condensed version of this work is available in: P. Bretonneau (1826) [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015062233708;view=1up;seq=217 "Extrait du traité de la diphthérite, angine maligne, ou croup épidémique"] (Extract from the treatise on diphtheria, malignant throat infection, or epidemic croup), ''Archives générales de médecine'', series 1, 11 : 219-254. From p. 230: " … M. Bretonneau a cru convenable de l'appeler diphthérite, dérivé de ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ, … " ( … Mr. Bretonneau thought it appropriate to call it diphtheria, derived from ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ [diphthera], … )</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Diphtheria|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=diphtheria|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref> | ||
==Classification== | |||
[[Diphtheria]] can be classified according to the type of [[Corynebacterium]] that causes it. It can also be divided according to the clinical presentation it results into: [[respiratory]], [[systemic]] or [[cutaneous]] [[diphtheria]].<ref name="pmid6321350">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wong TP, Groman N |title=Production of diphtheria toxin by selected isolates of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1114–6 |year=1984 |pmid=6321350 |pmc=264307 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26189434">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moore LS, Leslie A, Meltzer M, Sandison A, Efstratiou A, Sriskandan S |title=Corynebacterium ulcerans cutaneous diphtheria |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=1100–7 |year=2015 |pmid=26189434 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00225-X |url=}}</ref> | |||
==Genetics== | |||
The genome of ''C. diphtheriae'' consists of a single circular chromosome of 2,5 Mbp, with no plasmids.<ref name="pmid14602910">{{cite journal| author=Cerdeño-Tárraga AM, Efstratiou A, Dover LG, Holden MT, Pallen M, Bentley SD et al.| title=The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC13129. | journal=Nucleic Acids Res | year= 2003 | volume= 31 | issue= 22 | pages= 6516-23 | pmid=14602910 | doi= | pmc=275568 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14602910 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22628502">{{cite journal| author=Sangal V, Tucker NP, Burkovski A, Hoskisson PA| title=The draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. mitis NCTC 3529 reveals significant diversity between the primary disease-causing biovars. | journal=J Bacteriol | year= 2012 | volume= 194 | issue= 12 | pages= 3269 | pmid=22628502 | doi=10.1128/JB.00503-12 | pmc=3370853 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22628502 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 14:59, 10 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Diphtheria (Greek διφθερα (diphthera) — “pair of leather scrolls”), is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore throat, low-grade fever, and an adherent membrane (a pseudomembrane) on thetonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity.[1][2] A milder form of diphtheria can be restricted to the skin. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a facultatively anaerobicGram-positive bacterium.[3]
Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease spread by direct physical contact or breathing the aerosolized secretions of infected individuals. Once quite common, diphtheria has largely been eradicated in developed nations through wide-spread vaccination. In the United States for instance, between 1980 and 2004 there have been 57 reported cases of diphtheria (and only five cases since 2000)[4] as the DPT(Diphtheria–Pertussis–Tetanus) vaccine is given to all school children. Boosters of the vaccine are recommended for adults since the benefits of the vaccine decrease with age; they are particularly recommended for those traveling to areas where the disease has not been eradicated.
Historical perspective
Before 1826, diphtheria was known by different names across the world. In 1826, Diphtheria was named in 1826 by French physician Pierre Bretonneau. The name alludes to the leathery, sheath-like membrane that grows on the tonsils, throat, and in the nose.[5][6]
Classification
Diphtheria can be classified according to the type of Corynebacterium that causes it. It can also be divided according to the clinical presentation it results into: respiratory, systemic or cutaneous diphtheria.[7][8]
Genetics
The genome of C. diphtheriae consists of a single circular chromosome of 2,5 Mbp, with no plasmids.[9][10]
References
- ↑ Diphtheria. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016) http://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/ Accessed on July 28, 2016
- ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 299–302. ISBN 0838585299.
- ↑ Office of Laboratory Security, Public Health Agency of Canada Corynebacterium diphtheriae Material Safety Data Sheet. January 2000.
- ↑ Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2007). Diphtheria. in: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (PDF) (10th ed. ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 59&ndash, 70.
- ↑ Pierre Bretonneau, Des inflammations spéciales du tissu muqueux, et en particulier de la diphtérite, ou inflammation pelliculaire, connue sous le nom de croup, d'angine maligne, d'angine gangréneuse, etc. [Special inflammations of mucous tissue, and in particular diphtheria or skin inflammation, known by the name of croup, malignant throat infection, gangrenous throat infection, etc.] (Paris, France: Crevot, 1826).
A condensed version of this work is available in: P. Bretonneau (1826) "Extrait du traité de la diphthérite, angine maligne, ou croup épidémique" (Extract from the treatise on diphtheria, malignant throat infection, or epidemic croup), Archives générales de médecine, series 1, 11 : 219-254. From p. 230: " … M. Bretonneau a cru convenable de l'appeler diphthérite, dérivé de ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ, … " ( … Mr. Bretonneau thought it appropriate to call it diphtheria, derived from ΔΙΦθΕΡΑ [diphthera], … ) - ↑ "Diphtheria". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
- ↑ Wong TP, Groman N (1984). "Production of diphtheria toxin by selected isolates of Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis". Infect. Immun. 43 (3): 1114–6. PMC 264307. PMID 6321350.
- ↑ Moore LS, Leslie A, Meltzer M, Sandison A, Efstratiou A, Sriskandan S (2015). "Corynebacterium ulcerans cutaneous diphtheria". Lancet Infect Dis. 15 (9): 1100–7. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00225-X. PMID 26189434.
- ↑ Cerdeño-Tárraga AM, Efstratiou A, Dover LG, Holden MT, Pallen M, Bentley SD; et al. (2003). "The complete genome sequence and analysis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae NCTC13129". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (22): 6516–23. PMC 275568. PMID 14602910.
- ↑ Sangal V, Tucker NP, Burkovski A, Hoskisson PA (2012). "The draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. mitis NCTC 3529 reveals significant diversity between the primary disease-causing biovars". J Bacteriol. 194 (12): 3269. doi:10.1128/JB.00503-12. PMC 3370853. PMID 22628502.