Human papillomavirus epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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*Rare with rates of about 2 cases per 100,000 children in the United States<ref name="pmid16210110">{{cite journal |author=Sinal SH, Woods CR |title=Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children |journal=[[Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=306–16 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16210110 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.010 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1045-1870(05)00072-5 |accessdate=2012-12-10}}</ref> | *Rare with rates of about 2 cases per 100,000 children in the United States<ref name="pmid16210110">{{cite journal |author=Sinal SH, Woods CR |title=Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children |journal=[[Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=306–16 |year=2005 |month=October |pmid=16210110 |doi=10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.010 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1045-1870(05)00072-5 |accessdate=2012-12-10}}</ref> | ||
*Common in children born to females having active genital warts at the time of vaginal delivery | *Common in children born to females having active genital warts at the time of vaginal delivery | ||
The American Social Health Association projections in 2006 were yet more pessimistic, predicting that about 75% of the reproductive population will have been infected with genital HPV infection in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashastd.org/hpv/hpv_learn_men.cfm |title=American Social Health Association - HPV Resource Center |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref> Studies show that HPV infection is much more prevalent in the gay community. Studies show a link between HPV infection and penile and anal cancer, and the risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among gay and bisexual men than among heterosexual men.<ref name="CDC men">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-and-men.htm |title=STD Facts - HPV and Men |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C |title=Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=157 |issue=11 |pages=966-72 |year=2003 |pmid=12777359 || url = http://171.66.121.65/cgi/content/full/157/11/966 | quote=However, the risk for invasive anal squamous carcinoma, which is believed to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses, notably type 16, was significantly 31-fold elevated at a crude incidence of 25.6 per 100,000 person-years.}}</ref> | The American Social Health Association projections in 2006 were yet more pessimistic, predicting that about 75% of the reproductive population will have been infected with genital HPV infection in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashastd.org/hpv/hpv_learn_men.cfm |title=American Social Health Association - HPV Resource Center |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref> Studies show that HPV infection is much more prevalent in the gay community. Studies show a link between HPV infection and penile and anal cancer, and the risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among gay and bisexual men than among heterosexual men.<ref name="CDC men">{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-and-men.htm |title=STD Facts - HPV and Men |accessdate=2007-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C |title=Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=157 |issue=11 |pages=966-72 |year=2003 |pmid=12777359 || url = http://171.66.121.65/cgi/content/full/157/11/966 | quote=However, the risk for invasive anal squamous carcinoma, which is believed to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses, notably type 16, was significantly 31-fold elevated at a crude incidence of 25.6 per 100,000 person-years.}}</ref> | ||
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* 25.2% prevalence of HPV among females 40 to 49 years old | * 25.2% prevalence of HPV among females 40 to 49 years old | ||
* 19.6% prevalence of HPV among females 50 to 59 years old | * 19.6% prevalence of HPV among females 50 to 59 years old | ||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
Following demographic factors may affect the incidence and prevalence of HPV infection: | Following demographic factors may affect the incidence and prevalence of HPV infection: | ||
Revision as of 15:40, 12 October 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Genital HPV infection is very common, with estimates suggesting that more than 50% of women will become infected with one or more of the sexually transmitted HPV types at some point during adulthood.[1]
Epidemiology
Cutaneous warts
- Widespread in general population
- Incidence of common warts is more than plantar or flat warts
Genital warts
- Worldwide, 90% of genital warts is caused by the HPV 6 and 11[2]
- Prevalence of genital warts is 1% in USA as compared to 10% in Scandinavian countries
- In USA, the incidence of genital warts has slightly increased in the year 2013
HPV associated cancers
- In USA, the incidence of HPV associated cancer is 38,793 each year (data 2008-2012)[3]
- Cervical cancer
- Worldwide, the incidence of invasive cervical cancer is 500,000 cases each year.
- Worlwide, 70% of cervical cancer is caused by the HPV 16 and 18[2]
- In USA, more than 90% of cervical cancer is caused by HPV.[3]
- Oropharyngeal cancer
- Incidence of oropharyngeal cancer associated with HPV is showing an increasing trend in USA(23297039)(21969503)
- 70% of oropharyngeal cancers are associated with HPV[3]
- Anal cancer
- In USA, the incidence of anal cancer has increased in the last three decades(23297039)((19293308)(19156144)(23042932)
- There is increased incidence among HIV positive individuals and incidence has not shown a decline after the advent of antiretroviral therapy.(7062503)
- Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
- Rare with rates of about 2 cases per 100,000 children in the United States[4]
- Common in children born to females having active genital warts at the time of vaginal delivery
The American Social Health Association projections in 2006 were yet more pessimistic, predicting that about 75% of the reproductive population will have been infected with genital HPV infection in their lifetime.[5] Studies show that HPV infection is much more prevalent in the gay community. Studies show a link between HPV infection and penile and anal cancer, and the risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among gay and bisexual men than among heterosexual men.[6][7]
Although it is possible to test for HPV DNA in men,[8] there are no FDA-approved tests for general screening, since the testing is inconclusive and considered medically unnecessary.[6][9]
There is no screening test for HPV infection in men. However, although there are no formal guidelines, some experts believe that men who receive anal sex should have a routine anal Pap test, especially if they also have HIV infection. Ask your health professional whether and how often you should be tested.[10]
Information from the CDC
According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), by the age of 50 more than 80% of American women will have contracted at least one strain of genital HPV. All women are encouraged to get a yearly pap smear solely to detect cellular abnormalities caused by HPV.[11]
Genital HPV is the most common sexual transmitted infection in the United States. About 6.2 million Americans will get infected with genital HPV this year. According to the National Cervical Cancer Coalition (NCCC), 11% of American women do not have regular cervical cancer screenings; women who do not have cervical cancer screenings on a regular basis dramatically increase their chances of developing cervical cancer. About 14,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with cervical cancer disease each year, and more than 3,900 women die in the United States each year from this disease.
Information from the AMA
According to the Journal of the American Medical Association (Dunne, Eileen F. et al, 2007) the prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States is as follows:[12]
- 24.5% prevalence of HPV among females 14 to 19 years old
- 44.8% prevalence of HPV among females 20 to 24 years old
- 27.4% prevalence of HPV among females 25 to 29 years old
- 27.5% prevalence of HPV among females 30 to 39 years old
- 25.2% prevalence of HPV among females 40 to 49 years old
- 19.6% prevalence of HPV among females 50 to 59 years old
Demographics
Following demographic factors may affect the incidence and prevalence of HPV infection:
Age
Cutaneous warts
- More common in children aged 12-16 yrs of age[13] (2599836)
- 10% of children and 3.5% of adults are affected, worldwide
Genital warts
- Incidence of genital HPV infection increases at the age when individuals begin to engage in sexual activity.[14]
- Highest incidence of genital warts is seen in females aged 20-24 yrs and males aged 25-29 yrs of age (CDC)
- Prevalence of cervical HPV in females declines after age 30(12571255)
HPV associated cancer
- Incidence is more common in younger age group(sexually active)(18334711)(2196503)(18798277)(22641955)
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
- Increased incidence is seen in children as compared to adults(18496162)(23013073)
Gender
HPV associated cancers
- Out of total 38,793 HPV-associated cancers that occur in the United States each year, 23,000 occur among women, and about 15,793 among men[3]
- Three fold increased prevalence of HPV associated anal and oropharyngeal cancer in men as compared to women.
- Increased incidence of oropharngeal and anal cancer among men who have sex with men (MSM)[6](22282321 JAMA)(22706220)(24625808)(25291584)
- Worldwide, the point prevalence of HPV in females is 10%, with highest prevalence among african females(17597569)
Race
- There may be increased incidence of high risk HPV infections in black females as compared to white[15]
References
- ↑ Baseman JG, Koutsky LA (2005). "The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections". J. Clin. Virol. 32 Suppl 1: S16–24. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.008. PMID 15753008. *Note: The authors state on page S17 "Overall, these DNA-based studies, combined with measurements of type-specific antibodies against HPV capsid antigens, have shown that most (>50%) sexually active women have been infected by one or more genital HPV types at some point in time."
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats14/other.htm#hpv Accessed on October 12, 2016
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/ Accessed on October 12, 2016
- ↑ Sinal SH, Woods CR (2005). "Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children". Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 16 (4): 306–16. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.010. PMID 16210110. Retrieved 2012-12-10. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "American Social Health Association - HPV Resource Center". Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "STD Facts - HPV and Men". Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ↑ Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C (2003). "Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships". Am. J. Epidemiol. 157 (11): 966–72. PMID 12777359.
However, the risk for invasive anal squamous carcinoma, which is believed to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses, notably type 16, was significantly 31-fold elevated at a crude incidence of 25.6 per 100,000 person-years.
- ↑ Dunne EF, Nielson CM, Stone KM, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR (2006). "Prevalence of HPV infection among men: A systematic review of the literature". J. Infect. Dis. 194 (8): 1044–57. doi:10.1086/507432. PMID 16991079.
- ↑ "What Men Need to Know About HPV". 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
There is currently no FDA-approved test to detect HPV in men. That is because an effective, reliable way to collect a sample of male genital skin cells, which would allow detection of HPV, has yet to be developed.
- ↑ "WebMD -- Error 404". Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ↑ "STD Facts - HPV Vaccine". 2006-08-01. Retrieved 2007-08-17.
- ↑
- ↑ Allen AL, Siegfried EC (2000). "What's new in human papillomavirus infection". Curr Opin Pediatr. 12 (4): 365–9. PMID 10943818.
- ↑ Schiffman M, Castle PE (2005). "The promise of global cervical-cancer prevention". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (20): 2101–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMp058171. PMID 16291978.
- ↑ Banister CE, Messersmith AR, Cai B, Spiryda LB, Glover SH, Pirisi L; et al. (2015). "Disparity in the persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes between African American and European American women of college age". J Infect Dis. 211 (1): 100–8. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu394. PMC 4326315. PMID 25028692.