Bacterial vaginosis causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 17:36, 13 October 2016

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

A healthy vagina normally contains many microorganisms, some of the common ones are Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii. Lactobacillus, particularly hydrogen peroxide-producing species, appears to help prevent other vaginal microorganisms from multiplying to a level where they cause symptoms. (Note: Lactobacillus acidophilus is not one of the species of Lactobacillusidentified as playing a protective role in vaginal flora.) The microorganisms involved in BV are very diverse, but include Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, and Mycoplasma. A change in normal bacterial flora including the reduction of lactobacillus, which may be due to the use of antibiotics or pH imbalance, allows more resistant bacteria to gain a foothold and multiply. In turn these produce toxins which affect the body's natural defenses and make re-colonization of healthy bacteria more difficult.

Causes

Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include:^[1]^[2]

Gardnerella vaginalis
- It has also been detected in culture samples from nearly all symptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and in approximately 50% of healthy women
Mobiluncus spp.
Mycoplasma hominis
Ureaplasma
Anaerobes

Gallery

This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). ^[3]
This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony.
This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). ^[3]
This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). ^[3]
This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). ^[3]

References

↑ Donders GG (2007). "Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21 (3): 355–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002. PMID 17434799.
↑ Livengood CH (2009). "Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009". Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2 (1): 28–37. PMC 2672999. PMID 19399292.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

Template:WE Template:WS

[pmid17434799-1] Donders GG (2007). "Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21 (3): 355–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002. PMID 17434799.

[pmid19399292-2] Livengood CH (2009). "Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009". Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2 (1): 28–37. PMC 2672999. PMID 19399292.

[PHIL-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

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[2]

[3]

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 **[[Fusobacterium|Fusobacterium spp.]]
 **[[Porphyromonas|Porphyromonas spp.]]
-Most cases of bacterial vaginosis occur in sexually active women between the ages of 15 and 44, especially after contact with a new partner. [[Condom]]s may provide some protection and there is no evidence that [[spermicide]] increases BV risk.  Although BV appears to be associated with [[sexual activity]], there is no clear evidence of sexual transmission.<ref name="Bradshaw2006">{{cite journal | author=Bradshaw CS, Morton AN, Hocking J, ''et al.'' | title=High recurrence rates of bacterial vaginosis over the course of 12 months after oral metronidazole therapy and factors associated with recurrence | journal=J Infect Dis | year=2006 | volume=193 | issue=11 | pages=1478&ndash;86 }}</ref>
-Rather, BV is a disordering of the chemical and biological balance of the [[Human flora|normal flora]].  Recent research is exploring the link between sexual partner treatment and eradication of recurrent cases of BV. [[Pregnancy|Pregnant]] women and women with [[sexually transmitted infections]] are especially at risk for getting this infection. Bacterial vaginosis does not usually affect women after [[menopause]].  A 2005 study by researchers at [[Ghent University]] in Belgium showed that subclinical iron deficiency ([[anemia]]) was a strong predictor of bacterial vaginosis in pregnant women. A longitudinal study published in February 2006 in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology showed a link between psychosocial stress and bacterial vaginosis independent of other risk factors.
 ==Gallery==