Infectious disease classification: Difference between revisions

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]

Overview

Among the almost infinite varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals.^[1] Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. Infectious microorganisms, or microbes, are therefore classified as either primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens according to the status of host defenses.

Classification

Classification Based Upon Infectious Microorganism

For more information, visit here.

References

↑ This section incorporatespublic domain materials included in the text: Medical Microbiology Fourth Edition: Chapter 8 (1996) . Baron, Samuel MD. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

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[Baron-1] This section incorporatespublic domain materials included in the text: Medical Microbiology Fourth Edition: Chapter 8 (1996) . Baron, Samuel MD. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.

[1]

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 {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
 ==Overview==
-Among the almost infinite varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals.<ref name= Baron> This section incorporates[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed public domain] materials included in the text: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mmed.TOC&depth=10 Medical Microbiology] Fourth Edition: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.594 Chapter 8] (1996) . Baron, Samuel MD. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.</ref> Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. Infectious microorganisms, or microbes, are therefore classified as either ''primary pathogens'' or as ''opportunistic pathogens'' according to the status of host defenses.
+Among the almost infinite varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals.<ref name="Baron">This section incorporates[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed public domain] materials included in the text: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mmed.TOC&depth=10 Medical Microbiology] Fourth Edition: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.594 Chapter 8] (1996) . Baron, Samuel MD. The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.</ref> Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. Infectious microorganisms, or microbes, are therefore classified as either ''primary pathogens'' or as ''opportunistic pathogens'' according to the status of host defenses.
 ==Classification==
 ===Classification Based Upon Infectious Microorganism===
-*Primary Pathogens cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic [[virulence]] (the severity of the disease they cause) is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread. Many of the most common primary pathogens of humans only infect humans, however many serious diseases are caused by organisms acquired from the environment or which infect non-human hosts.
+For more information, visit here.
-*Opportunistic Pathogens are organisms which cause an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as ''opportunistic pathogens''. Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host, such as bacteria or fungi in the [[gastrointestinal]] or the [[upper respiratory tract]], and they may also result from (otherwise innocuous) microbes acquired from other hosts (as in [[Clostridium difficile]] [[enterocolitis]]) or from the environment as a result of [[Physical trauma|traumatic]] introduction (as in [[surgical]] wound infections or compound fractures). An opportunistic disease requires impairment of host defenses, which may occur as a result of [[genetic defect]]s (such as [[Chronic granulomatous disease]]), exposure to [[antimicrobial]] drugs or [[immunosuppressive]] chemicals (as might occur following [[poison]]ing or [[cancer]] [[chemotherapy]]), exposure to [[ionizing radiation]], or as a result of an infectious disease with immunosuppressive activity (such as with [[measles]], [[malaria]] or [[HIV|HIV disease]]). Primary pathogens may also cause more severe disease in a host with depressed resistance than would normally occur in an immunosufficient host.
-One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy [[Koch's postulates]] (first proposed by [[Robert Koch]]), which demands that the [[infectious agent]]be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that [[Mycobacteria]] species cause [[tuberculosis]]. Koch's postulates cannot be met ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even diseases that are quite clearly infectious do not meet the infectious criteria. For example,''[[Treponema pallidum]]'', the causative [[spirochete]] of [[syphilis]], cannot be [[microbiological culture|cultured]] ''in vitro'' - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit [[testes]]. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture.
 ==References==