Sandbox:YK

ACC/AHA Guideline Template

Class I

"1. RECOMMENDATION 1 HERE(Level of Evidence: A)"

"2. RECOMMENDATION 2 HERE(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. RECOMMENDATION 1 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. RECOMMENDATION 2 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class III (No Benefit)

"1. RECOMMENDATION 1 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. RECOMMENDATION 2 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIa

"1. RECOMMENDATION 1 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. RECOMMENDATION 2 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIb

"1. RECOMMENDATION 1 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. RECOMMENDATION 2 HERE (Level of Evidence: C)"

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary(DO NOT EDIT)

Complications After STEMI: Recommendations (DO NOT EDIT)

Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock

Class I

"1. Emergency revascularization with either PCI or CABG is recommended in suitable patients with cardiogenic shock due to pump failure after STEMI irrespective of the time delay from MI onset (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. In the absence of contraindications, fibrinolytic therapy should be administered to patients with STEMI and cardiogenic shock who are unsuitable candidates for either PCI or CABG(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. The use of intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation can be useful for patients with cardiogenic shock after STEMI who do not quickly stabilize with pharmacological therapy (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIb

"1. Alternative left ventricular (LV) assist devices for circulatory support may be considered in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy Before Discharge

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary(DO NOT EDIT)

Coronary Angiography in Patients Who Initially Were Managed With Fibrinolytic Therapy or Who Did Not Receive Reperfusion

Class I

"1. Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography with intent to perform revascularization should be performed after STEMI in patients with any of the following:

"a. Cardiogenic shock or acute severe HF that develops after initial presentation(Level of Evidence: B)"

"b. Intermediate- or high-risk findings on predischarge noninvasive ischemia testing(Level of Evidence: B)"

"b. Intermediate- or high-risk findings on predischarge noninvasive ischemia testing(Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIa

"1. Coronary angiography with intent to perform revascularization is reasonable for patients with evidence of failed reperfusion or reocclusion after fibrinolytic therapy. Angiography can be performed as soon as logistically feasible (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. Coronary angiography is reasonable before hospital discharge in stable patients with STEMI after successful fibrinolytic therapy. Angiography can be performed as soon as logistically feasible, and ideally within 24 hours, but should not be performed within the first 2 to 3 hours after administration of fibrinolytic therapy (Level of Evidence: B)"

PCI of an Infarct Artery in Patients Who Initially Were Managed With Fibrinolysis or Who Did Not Receive Reperfusion Therapy(DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. PCI of an anatomically significant stenosis in the infarct artery should be performed in patients with suitable anatomy and any of the following:

"a. Cardiogenic shock or acute severe HF(Level of Evidence: B)"

"b. Intermediate- or high-risk findings on predischarge noninvasive ischemia testing (Level of Evidence: C)"

"c. Myocardial ischemia that is spontaneous or provoked by minimal exertion during hospitalization (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class III (No Benefit)

"1. Delayed PCI of a totally occluded infarct artery greater than 24 hours after STEMI should not be performed in asymptomatic patients with 1- or 2-vessel disease if they are hemodynamically and electrically stable and do not have evidence of severe ischemia (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. Delayed PCI is reasonable in patients with STEMI and evidence of failed reperfusion or reocclusion after fibrinolytic therapy. PCI can be performed as soon as logistically feasible at the receiving hospital (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. Delayed PCI of a significant stenosis in a patent infarct artery is reasonable in stable patients with STEMI after fibrinolytic therapy. PCI can be performed as soon as logistically feasible at the receiving hospital, and ideally within 24 hours, but should not be performed within the first 2 to 3 hours after administration of fibrinolytic therapy (Level of Evidence: B)"

PCI of a Noninfarct Artery Before Hospital Discharge(DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. PCI is indicated in a noninfarct artery at a time separate from primary PCI in patients who have spontaneous symptoms of myocardial ischemia(Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIa

"1. PCI is reasonable in a noninfarct artery at a time separate from primary PCI in patients with intermediate- or high-risk findings on noninvasive testing (Level of Evidence: B)"

Adjunctive Antithrombotic Therapy to Support Delayed PCI After Fibrinolytic Therapy(DO NOT EDIT)

Antiplatelet Therapy to Support PCI After Fibrinolytic Therapy

Class I

"1. After PCI, aspirin should be continued indefinitely (Level of Evidence: A)"

"2.Clopidogrel should be provided as follows:

"a.A 300-mg loading dose should be given before or at the time of PCI to patients who did not receive a previous loading dose and who are undergoing PCI within 24 hours of receiving fibrinolytic therapy(Level of Evidence: C)"

"b.A 600-mg loading dose should be given before or at the time of PCI to patients who did not receive a previous loading dose and who are undergoing PCI more than 24 hours after receiving fibrinolytic therapy(Level of Evidence: C)"

"c.A dose of 75 mg daily should be given after PCI(Level of Evidence: C)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. Prasugrel should not be administered to patients with a history of prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. After PCI, it is reasonable to use 81 mg of aspirin per day in preference to higher maintenance doses (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. Prasugrel, in a 60-mg loading dose, is reasonable once the coronary anatomy is known in patients who did not receive a previous loading dose of clopidogrel at the time of administration of a fibrinolytic agent, but prasugrel should not be given sooner than 24 hours after administration of a fibrin-specific agent or 48 hours after administration of a non–fibrin-specific agent(Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. Prasugrel, in a 10-mg daily maintenance dose, is reasonable after PCI(Level of Evidence: B)"

Anticoagulant Therapy to Support PCI After Fibrinolytic Therapy

Class I

"1. For patients with STEMI undergoing PCI after receiving fibrinolytic therapy with intravenous UFH, additional boluses of intravenous UFH should be administered as needed to support the procedure, taking into account whether GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists have been administered.(Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. For patients with STEMI undergoing PCI after receiving fibrinolytic therapy with enoxaparin, if the last subcutaneous dose was administered within the prior 8 hours, no additional enoxaparin should be given; if the last subcutaneous dose was administered between 8 and 12 hours earlier, enoxaparin 0.3 mg/kg IV should be given(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. Fondaparinux should not be used as the sole anticoagulant to support PCI. An additional anticoagulant with anti-IIa activity should be administered because of the risk of catheter thrombosis (Level of Evidence: C)"

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary(DO NOT EDIT)

Reperfusion at a Non–PCI-Capable Hospital: Recommendations (DO NOT EDIT)

Fibrinolytic Therapy When There Is an Anticipated Delay to Performing Primary PCI Within 120 Minutes of FMC (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. In the absence of contraindications, fibrinolytic therapy should be given to patients with STEMI and onset of ischemic symptoms within the previous 12 hours when it is anticipated that primary PCI cannot be performed within 120 minutes of FMC (Level of Evidence: A)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. Fibrinolytic therapy should not be administered to patients with ST depression except when a true posterior (inferobasal) MI is suspected or when associated with ST elevation in lead aVR (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. In the absence of contraindications and when PCI is not available, fibrinolytic therapy is reasonable for patients with STEMI if there is clinical and/or electrocardiographic evidence of ongoing ischemia within 12 to 24 hours of symptom onset and a large area of myocardium at risk or hemodynamic instability (Level of Evidence: C)"

Adjunctive Antithrombotic Therapy With Fibrinolysis (DO NOT EDIT)

Adjunctive Antiplatelet Therapy With Fibrinolysis (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. Aspirin (162- to 325-mg loading dose) and clopidogrel (300-mg loading dose for patients ≤75 years of age, 75-mg dose for patients >75 years of age) should be administered to patients with STEMI who receive fibrinolytic therapy(Level of Evidence: A)"

"2. Aspirin should be continued indefinitely (Level of Evidence: A) and clopidogrel (75 mg daily) should be continued for at least 14 days (Level of Evidence: A) and up to 1 year (Level of Evidence: C) in patients with STEMI who receive fibrinolytic therapy"

Class IIa

"1. It is reasonable to use aspirin 81 mg per day in preference to higher maintenance doses after fibrinolytic therapy (Level of Evidence: B)"

Adjunctive Anticoagulant Therapy With Fibrinolysis (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. Patients with STEMI undergoing reperfusion with fibrinolytic therapy should receive anticoagulant therapy for a minimum of 48 hours, and preferably for the duration of the index hospitalization, up to 8 days or until revascularization if performed. Recommended regimens include(Level of Evidence: A)"

"a. UFH administered as a weight-adjusted intravenous bolus and infusion to obtain an activated partial thromboplastin time of 1.5 to 2.0 times control, for 48 hours or until revascularization(Level of Evidence: C)"

"b. Enoxaparin administered according to age, weight, and creatinine clearance, given as an intravenous bolus, followed in 15 minutes by subcutaneous injection for the duration of the index hospitalization, up to 8 days or until revascularization(Level of Evidence: A)"

"c.Fondaparinux administered with initial intravenous dose, followed in 24 hours by daily subcutaneous injections if the estimated creatinine clearance is greater than 30 mL/min, for the duration of the index hospitalization, up to 8 days or until revascularization(Level of Evidence: B)"

Transfer to a PCI-Capable Hospital After Fibrinolytic Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)

Transfer of Patients With STEMI to a PCI-Capable Hospital for Coronary Angiography After Fibrinolytic Therapy

Class I

"1. Immediate transfer to a PCI-capable hospital for coronary angiography is recommended for suitable patients with STEMI who develop cardiogenic shock or acute severe HF, irrespective of the time delay from MI onset(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. Urgent transfer to a PCI-capable hospital for coronary angiography is reasonable for patients with STEMI who demonstrate evidence of failed reperfusion or reocclusion after fibrinolytic therapy (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. Transfer to a PCI-capable hospital for coronary angiography is reasonable for patients with STEMI who have received fibrinolytic therapy even when hemodynamically stable§and with clinical evidence of successful reperfusion. Angiography can be performed as soon as logistically feasible at the receiving hospital, and ideally within 24 hours, but should not be performed within the first 2 to 3 hours after administration of fibrinolytic therapy (Level of Evidence: B)"

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary(DO NOT EDIT)

Reperfusion at a PCI-Capable Hospital: Recommendations(DO NOT EDIT)

Primary PCI in STEMI (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. Primary PCI should be performed in patients with STEMI and ischemic symptoms of less than 12 hours' duration (Level of Evidence: A)"

"2. Primary PCI should be performed in patients with STEMI and ischemic symptoms of less than 12 hours' duration who have contraindications to fibrinolytic therapy, irrespective of the time delay from FMC(Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. Primary PCI should be performed in patients with STEMI and cardiogenic shock or acute severe HF, irrespective of time delay from myocardial infarction (MI) onset(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. PCI should not be performed in a noninfarct artery at the time of primary PCI in patients with STEMI who are hemodynamically stable (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. Primary PCI is reasonable in patients with STEMI if there is clinical and/or ECG evidence of ongoing ischemia between 12 and 24 hours after symptom onset (Level of Evidence: B)"

Aspiration Thrombectomy (DO NOT EDIT)

Class IIa

"1. Manual aspiration thrombectomy is reasonable for patients undergoing primary PCI (Level of Evidence: B)"

Use of Stents in Patients With STEMI (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. Placement of a stent (bare-metal stent or drug-eluting stent) is useful in primary PCI for patients with STEMI (Level of Evidence: A)"

"2. Bare-metal stents†should be used in patients with high bleeding risk, inability to comply with 1 year of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), or anticipated invasive or surgical procedures in the next year(Level of Evidence: C)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. Drug-eluting stents should not be used in primary PCI for patients with STEMI who are unable to tolerate or comply with a prolonged course of DAPT because of the increased risk of stent thrombosis with premature discontinuation of one or both agents (Level of Evidence: B)"

Antiplatelet Therapy to Support Primary PCI for STEMI (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. Aspirin 162 to 325 mg should be given before primary PCI ((Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. After PCI, aspirin should be continued indefinitely(Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. A loading dose of a P2Y12receptor inhibitor should be given as early as possible or at time of primary PCI to patients with STEMI. Options include(Level of Evidence: B)"

"a. Clopidogrel 600 mg

"b. Prasugrel 60 mg

"c. Ticagrelor 180 mg

"4. P2Y12inhibitor therapy should be given for 1 year to patients with STEMI who receive a stent (bare-metal or drug-eluting) during primary PCI using the following maintenance doses:(Level of Evidence: B)"

"a. Clopidogrel 75 mg daily

"b. Prasugrel 10 mg

"c. Ticagrelor 90 mg

Class III (Harm)

"1. Prasugrel should not be administered to patients with a history of prior stroke or transient ischemic attack (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. It is reasonable to use 81 mg of aspirin per day in preference to higher maintenance doses after primary PCI (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. It is reasonable to start treatment with an intravenous glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist such as abciximab (Level of Evidence: A), high-bolus-dose tirofiban (Level of Evidence: B), or double-bolus eptifibatide (Level of Evidence: B) at the time of primary PCI (with or without stenting or clopidogrel pretreatment) in selected patients with STEMI who are receiving unfractionated heparin (UFH)"

Class IIb

"1. It may be reasonable to administer intravenous GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist in the precatheterization laboratory setting (e.g., ambulance, emergency department) to patients with STEMI for whom primary PCI is intended (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. It may be reasonable to administer intracoronary abciximab to patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI (Level of Evidence: B)"

"3.Continuation of a P2Y12inhibitor beyond 1 year may be considered in patients undergoing drug-eluting stent placement (Level of Evidence: C)"

Anticoagulant Therapy to Support Primary PCI (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1.For patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI, the following supportive anticoagulant regimens are recommended "

"a.UFH, with additional boluses administered as needed to maintain therapeutic activated clotting time levels, taking into account whether a GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist has been administered (Level of Evidence: C)"

"b.Bivalirudin with or without prior treatment with UFH (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. Fondaparinux should not be used as the sole anticoagulant to support primary PCI because of the risk of catheter thrombosis (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. In patients with STEMI undergoing PCI who are at high risk of bleeding, it is reasonable to use bivalirudin monotherapy in preference to the combination of UFH and a GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist(Level of Evidence: B)"

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary(DO NOT EDIT)

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

"1. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor should be administered within the first 24 hours to all patients with STEMI with anterior location, HF, or ejection fraction less than or equal to 0.40, unless contraindicated(Level of Evidence: A)"

"2. An angiotensin receptor blocker should be given to patients with STEMI who have indications for but are intolerant of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors(Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. An aldosterone antagonist should be given to patients with STEMI and no contraindications who are already receiving an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and beta blocker and who have an ejection fraction less than or equal to 0.40 and either symptomatic HF or diabetes mellitus(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are reasonable for all patients with STEMI and no contraindications to their use (Level of Evidence: A)"

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary(DO NOT EDIT)

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Recommendations(DO NOT EDIT)

CABG in Patients With STEMI

Class I

"1. Urgent CABG is indicated in patients with STEMI and coronary anatomy not amenable to PCI who have ongoing or recurrent ischemia, cardiogenic shock, severe HF, or other high-risk features(Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. CABG is recommended in patients with STEMI at time of operative repair of mechanical defects (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. The use of mechanical circulatory support is reasonable in patients with STEMI who are hemodynamically unstable and require urgent CABG (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIb

"1. Emergency CABG within 6 hours of symptom onset may be considered in patients with STEMI who do not have cardiogenic shock and are not candidates for PCI or fibrinolytic therapy (Level of Evidence: C)"

Timing of Urgent CABG in Patients With STEMI in Relation to Use of Antiplatelet Agents

Class I

"1. Aspirin should not be withheld before urgent CABG (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. Clopidogrel or ticagrelor should be discontinued at least 24 hours before urgent on-pump CABG, if possible(Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. Short-acting intravenous GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists (eptifibatide, tirofiban) should be discontinued at least 2 to 4 hours before urgent CABG (Level of Evidence: B)"

"4. Abciximab should be discontinued at least 12 hours before urgent CABG (Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIb

"1. Urgent off-pump CABG within 24 hours of clopidogrel or ticagrelor administration might be considered, especially if the benefits of prompt revascularization outweigh the risks of bleeding (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. Urgent CABG within 5 days of clopidogrel or ticagrelor administration or within 7 days of prasugrel administration might be considered, especially if the benefits of prompt revascularization outweigh the risks of bleeding (Level of Evidence: C)"

2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary

Regional Systems of STEMI Care, Reperfusion Therapy, and Time-to-Treatment Goals

Class I

"1. All communities should create and maintain a regional system of STEMI care that includes assessment and continuous quality improvement of emergency medical services and hospital-based activities. Performance can be facilitated by participating in programs such as Mission: Lifeline and the Door-to-Balloon Alliance(Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. Performance of a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) by emergency medical services personnel at the site of first medical contact (FMC) is recommended in patients with symptoms consistent with STEMI(Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. Reperfusion therapy should be administered to all eligible patients with STEMI with symptom onset within the prior 12 hours(Level of Evidence: A)"

"4. Primary PCI is the recommended method of reperfusion when it can be performed in a timely fashion by experienced operators(Level of Evidence: A)"

"5. Emergency medical services transport directly to a PCI-capable hospital for primary PCI is the recommended triage strategy for patients with STEMI, with an ideal FMC-to-device time system goal of 90 minutes or less(Level of Evidence: B)"

"6. Immediate transfer to a PCI-capable hospital for primary PCI is the recommended triage strategy for patients with STEMI who initially arrive at or are transported to a non–PCI-capable hospital, with an FMC-to-device time system goal of 120 minutes or less(Level of Evidence: B)"

"7. In the absence of contraindications, fibrinolytic therapy should be administered to patients with STEMI at non–PCI-capable hospitals when the anticipated FMC-to-device time at a PCI-capable hospital exceeds 120 minutes because of unavoidable delays (Level of Evidence: B)"

"8. When fibrinolytic therapy is indicated or chosen as the primary reperfusion strategy, it should be administered within 30 minutes of hospital arrival(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class IIa

"1. Reperfusion therapy is reasonable for patients with STEMI and symptom onset within the prior 12 to 24 hours who have clinical and/or ECG evidence of ongoing ischemia. Primary PCI is the preferred strategy in this population (Level of Evidence: B)"

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)

Heart Failure

Class I

"1.Control of resting heart rate using either a beta blocker or nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist is recommended for patients with persistent or permanent AF and compensated HF with preserved ejection fraction (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. In the absence of pre-excitation, intravenous beta-blocker administration (or a nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist in patients with HFpEF) is recommended to slow the ventricular response to AF in the acute setting, with caution needed in patients with overt congestion, hypotension, or HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction(Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. In the absence of pre-excitation, intravenous digoxin or amiodarone is recommended to control heart rate acutely in patients with HF(Level of Evidence: B)"

"4.Assessment of heart rate control during exercise and adjustment of pharmacological treatment to keep the rate in the physiological range is useful in symptomatic patients during activity.(Level of Evidence: C)"

"5. Digoxin is effective to control resting heart rate in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction(Level of Evidence: B)"

Class III (Harm)

"1. AV node ablation should not be performed without a pharmacological trial to achieve ventricular rate control (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. For rate control, intravenous nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists, intravenous beta blockers, and dronedarone should not be administered to patients with decompensated HF (Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIa

"1. A combination of digoxin and a beta blocker (or a nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist for patients with HFpEF) is reasonable to control resting and exercise heart rate in patients with AF (Level of Evidence: B)"

"2. It is reasonable to perform AV node ablation with ventricular pacing to control heart rate when pharmacological therapy is insufficient or not tolerated (Level of Evidence: B)"

"3. Intravenous amiodarone can be useful to control heart rate in patients with AF when other measures are unsuccessful or contraindicated. (Level of Evidence: C)"

"4. For patients with AF and rapid ventricular response causing or suspected of causing tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, it is reasonable to achieve rate control by either AV nodal blockade or a rhythm-control strategy (Level of Evidence: B)"

"5. For patients with chronic HF who remain symptomatic from AF despite a rate-control strategy, it is reasonable to use a rhythm-control strategy(Level of Evidence: C)"

Class IIb

"1. Oral amiodarone may be considered when resting and exercise heart rate cannot be adequately controlled using a beta blocker (or a nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist in patients with HFpEF) or digoxin, alone or in combination (Level of Evidence: C)"

"2. AV node ablation may be considered when the rate cannot be controlled and tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy is suspected (Level of Evidence: C)"

Fournier's gangrene

Physiologic Variables	High Abnormal Values				Normal	Low Abnormal Values
	+4	+3	+2	+1	0	+1	+2	+3	+ 4
Temperature	>41	39-40.0		38.5-39	36-38.4	34-35.9	32-33.9	30-31.9	<29.9
Heart Rate	>180	140-179	110-139		70-109		55-69	40-54	<39
Respiratory Rate	>50	35-49		25-34	12-24	10-11	6-9		<5
Serum Sodium (mmol/L)
Serum Potassium (mmol/L)
Serum Creatinine (mg/100/ml*2 for acute renal failure)
Hematocrit
WBC (Total/mm*1000)
Serum Bicarbonate (Venous,mmol/l)

Region	Gender	Incidence/100,000	Prevalence/100,000
Region 1	M	Incidence	Prevalence
	F	Incidence	Prevalence
Region 2	M	Incidence	Prevalence
	F	Incidence	Prevalence
Region 3	M	Incidence	Prevalence
	F	Incidence	Prevalence
Region 4	M	Incidence	Prevalence
	F	Incidence	Prevalence
Region 5	M	Incidence	Prevalence
	F	Incidence	Prevalence

Zika Prevention

How Long to Wait Before Attempting to Have a Baby in Zika Endemic areas
Presence of Symptoms	Women	Men
Zika symptoms	At least 8 weeks after symptoms start	At least 6 months after symptoms start
No Zika symptoms	Talk with doctor or healthcare provider	Talk with doctor or healthcare provider

Zika sexual transmission

For People Who Have Traveled to an Area with Zika
If you are pregnant	Pregnant women should not travel to areas with Zika. If you must travel to an area with Zika, talk to your healthcare provider.
If your partner is pregnant	Use condoms correctly, every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex or do not have sex for the entire pregnancy.
If you and your partner are planning a pregnancy	Discuss your plans for pregnancy with a healthcare provider to determine your risk and the options available.
If you or your partner are not pregnant and are not planning a pregnancy	Men - consider using condoms or not having sex for at least 6 months after travel (if you don’t have symptoms) or for at least 6 months from the start of symptoms (or Zika diagnosis) if you develop Zika. Women- consider using condoms or not having sex for at least 8 weeks after travel (if you don’t have symptoms) or for at least 8 weeks from the start of symptoms (or Zika diagnosis) if you develop Zika.

For People Living in an Area with Zika
If you or your partner are pregnant	Use condoms from start to finish, every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex or do not have sex for the entire pregnancy. It is also very important to see a healthcare provider to discuss your options during pregnancy
If you and your partner are planning a pregnancy	Discuss your plans for pregnancy with a healthcare provider to determine your risk and the options available.
If you or your partner are not pregnant and are not planning a pregnancy	Consider using condoms or not having sex as long as there is Zika in the area. If either you or your partner develop symptoms of Zika or have concerns, talk to a healthcare provider and follow the guidelines on the left.

Hand foot and mouth disease

Viruses	Serotypes
Coxsackieviruses	A2, A4 to A10, A16, B2, B3, B5
Echoviruses	1, 4, 7, 19
Enteroviruses	A71

HFMD

Infection	Presentation
Herpes simplex virus stomatitis	• Associated with high grade fever, acute gingivitis and oral ulcerations • The vesicles are small, grouped together and on an erythematous base • Absence of rash on palms and soles • A Tzanck test shows multinucleated giant cells and direct fluorescent antigens test can also help to differentiate hand-foot-and-mouth disease from herpes simplex virus infection
Herpangina	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Bacteremia and sepsis	Leucocytosis >15,000 cells/mL OR serum creatinene level >1.5 times baseline or abdominal tenderness and serum albumin < 3 g/dL
Chickenpox	Hypotension or shock, ileus, megacolon, leucocytosis >20,000 cells/mL OR leucopenia <2,000, lactate >2.2 mmol/L, delirium, fever ≥ 38.5 °C, organ failure
Measles	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Pharyngitis	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Stevens-Johnson syndrome or Erythema multiforme	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Henoch-Schönlein purpura	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Kawasaki disease	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Behcet's disease	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline
Pemphigus vulgaris	Raised white cell count but <15,000 cells/mL and serum creatine <1.5 times baseline