Hypercalcemia causes: Difference between revisions

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===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Beuren-williams syndrome]],  [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Beuren-williams syndrome]],  [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aluminium antacid overuse]],  [[Aluminum intoxication]],  [[Calcium acetate]],  [[Caspofungin acetate]],  [[Cefepime]],  [[Chlortalidone]],  [[Theophylline toxicity]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aluminium antacid overuse]],  [[Aluminum intoxication]],  [[Calcium acetate]],  [[Caspofungin acetate]],  [[Cefepime]],  [[Chlortalidone]],  [[Theophylline toxicity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leprosy]],  [[Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Leprosy]],  [[Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cidofovir]],  [[Danazol]],  [[Dexlansoprazole]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Fluoxymesterone]],  [[Gestrinone]],  [[Lithium]],  [[Nandrolone]],  [[Paricalcitol]],  [[Tamoxifen]],  [[Teriparatide]],  [[Thiazide]],  [[Toremifene]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cidofovir]],  [[Danazol]],  [[Dexlansoprazole]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Fluoxymesterone]],  [[Gestrinone]],  [[Lithium]],  [[Nandrolone]],  [[Paricalcitol]],  [[Tamoxifen]],  [[Teriparatide]],  [[Thiazide]],  [[Toremifene]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Oral candidiasis]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Oral candidiasis]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abnormal parathyroid gland function]],  [[Acromegaly]],  [[Addison's disease]],  [[Adenoma]],  [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]],  [[Adrenal insufficiency]],  [[Adult t-cell lymphoma ]],  [[Bartter's syndrome]],  [[Cushing's syndrome]],  [[Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia]],  [[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]],  [[Hypercalcemia of malignancy]],  [[Hyperparathyroidism ]],  [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]],  [[Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Non-parathyroid mediated]],  [[Paget's disease of bone]],  [[Parathyroid carcinoma]],  [[Parathyroid hormone related peptide]],  [[Parathyroid hyperplasia]],  [[Parathyroid mediated]],  [[Pituitary tumour ]],  [[Pthrp]],  [[Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Abnormal parathyroid gland function]],  [[Acromegaly]],  [[Addison's disease]],  [[Adenoma]],  [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]],  [[Adrenal insufficiency]],  [[Adult t-cell lymphoma ]] ,  [[Bartter's syndrome]],  [[Cushing's syndrome]],  [[Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia]],  [[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]],  [[Hypercalcemia of malignancy]],  [[Hyperparathyroidism ]] ,  [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypoparathyroidism]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]],  [[Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Non-parathyroid mediated]],  [[Paget's disease of bone]],  [[Parathyroid carcinoma]],  [[Parathyroid hormone related peptide]],  [[Parathyroid hyperplasia]],  [[Parathyroid mediated]],  [[Pituitary tumour ]] ,  [[Pthrp]],  [[Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[Vipoma]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[Vipoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase ]],  [[Beuren-williams syndrome]],  [[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Inherited variants]],  [[Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]],  [[Phosphoethanolaminuria]],  [[Pseudophosphatasia ]],  [[William's syndrome]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase ]] ,  [[Beuren-williams syndrome]],  [[Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism]],  [[Inherited variants]],  [[Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]],  [[Phosphoethanolaminuria]],  [[Pseudophosphatasia ]] ,  [[William's syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Adult t-cell leukemia]],  [[Chronic adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Cuffed blood sample]],  [[Cushing's syndrome]],  [[Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia]],  [[Hematologic malignancy]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Hypervitaminosis a]],  [[Hypervitaminosis d]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hypophosphataemia]],  [[Hypophosphatasia ]],  [[Leukemia]],  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Multiple myeloma]],  [[Plasma cell granuloma]],  [[Polycythemia]],  [[Pseudophosphatasia ]],  [[Pthrp]],  [[Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute adult t-cell leukemia ]] ,  [[Adult t-cell leukemia]],  [[Chronic adult t-cell leukemia ]] ,  [[Cuffed blood sample]],  [[Cushing's syndrome]],  [[Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia]],  [[Hematologic malignancy]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Hypervitaminosis a]],  [[Hypervitaminosis d]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hypophosphataemia]],  [[Hypophosphatasia ]] ,  [[Leukemia]],  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Multiple myeloma]],  [[Plasma cell granuloma]],  [[Polycythemia]],  [[Pseudophosphatasia ]] ,  [[Pthrp]],  [[Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Kidney transplant]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kidney transplant]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Oral candidiasis]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Oral candidiasis]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone cancer]],  [[Bone fracture]],  [[Immobilization]],  [[Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines]],  [[Osteomalacia]],  [[Osteoporosis]],  [[Paget's disease of bone]],  [[Paraplegia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Bone cancer]],  [[Bone fracture]],  [[Immobilization]],  [[Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines]],  [[Osteomalacia]],  [[Osteoporosis]],  [[Paget's disease of bone]],  [[Paraplegia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]],  [[Brown-sequard syndrome ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Adrenal cortex insufficiency]],  [[Brown-sequard syndrome ]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],  [[Parenteral nutrition]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],  [[Parenteral nutrition]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]],  [[Ovarian cancer]],  [[Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Breast cancer]],  [[Ovarian cancer]],  [[Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Adenoma]],  [[Adult t-cell leukemia]],  [[Adult t-cell lymphoma ]],  [[Bone cancer]],  [[Breast cancer]],  [[Bronchial carcinoma]],  [[Chronic adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]],  [[Hematologic malignancy]],  [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Hypercalcemia of malignancy]],  [[Kidney cancer]],  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Metastatic neoplasm]],  [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]],  [[Multiple myeloma]],  [[Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines]],  [[Osteomalacia]],  [[Ovarian cancer]],  [[Paraneoplastic syndrome]],  [[Parathyroid carcinoma]],  [[Parathyroid hyperplasia]],  [[Pheochromocytoma]],  [[Pituitary tumour ]],  [[Plasma cell granuloma]],  [[Silicone-induced granuloma]],  [[Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia ]],  [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute adult t-cell leukemia ]] ,  [[Adenoma]],  [[Adult t-cell leukemia]],  [[Adult t-cell lymphoma ]] ,  [[Bone cancer]],  [[Breast cancer]],  [[Bronchial carcinoma]],  [[Chronic adult t-cell leukemia ]] ,  [[Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma]],  [[Hematologic malignancy]],  [[Hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[Hypercalcemia of malignancy]],  [[Kidney cancer]],  [[Lymphoma]],  [[Metastatic neoplasm]],  [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]],  [[Multiple myeloma]],  [[Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines]],  [[Osteomalacia]],  [[Ovarian cancer]],  [[Paraneoplastic syndrome]],  [[Parathyroid carcinoma]],  [[Parathyroid hyperplasia]],  [[Pheochromocytoma]],  [[Pituitary tumour ]] ,  [[Plasma cell granuloma]],  [[Silicone-induced granuloma]],  [[Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia ]] ,  [[Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| , [[Aluminum]] intoxication, [[Aspirin]] (in large amounts), [[Drugs]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], [[Vitamin A]] intoxication, [[Vitamin D]] intoxication
| bgcolor="Beige" | , [[Aluminum]] intoxication, [[Aspirin]] (in large amounts), [[Drugs]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], [[Vitamin A]] intoxication, [[Vitamin D]] intoxication
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Berylliosis]],  [[Bronchial carcinoma]],  [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Sarcoidosis]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Berylliosis]],  [[Bronchial carcinoma]],  [[Coccidioidomycosis]],  [[Histoplasmosis]],  [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[Sarcoidosis]],  [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute renal failure]],  [[Bartter's syndrome]],  [[Gitelman syndrome]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hypophosphataemia]],  [[Hypophosphatasia ]],  [[Kidney cancer]],  [[Kidney transplant]],  [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],  [[Renal failure]],  [[Rhabdomyolysis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute renal failure]],  [[Bartter's syndrome]],  [[Gitelman syndrome]],  [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]],  [[Hypophosphataemia]],  [[Hypophosphatasia ]] ,  [[Kidney cancer]],  [[Kidney transplant]],  [[Milk-alkali syndrome]],  [[Renal failure]],  [[Rhabdomyolysis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic granulomatous disorders]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Chronic granulomatous disorders]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone fracture]],  [[Dehydration]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Bone fracture]],  [[Dehydration]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute renal failure]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], [[Renal failure]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute renal failure]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], [[Renal failure]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Idiopathic]] hypercalcemia (in infants), Immobilization, [[Paraplegia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Idiopathic]] hypercalcemia (in infants), Immobilization, [[Paraplegia]]
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 15:27, 25 September 2017

Hypercalcemia Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

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Causes

Differentiating Hypercalcemia from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

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Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Hypercalcemia

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Hypercalcemia is most commonly caused by excessive parathyroid hormone released by abnormal growth of the thyroid due to conditions including hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism. Additional common causes include drug side effects and excessive vitamin a and vitamin d intake.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Beuren-williams syndrome, Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Chemical / poisoning Aluminium antacid overuse, Aluminum intoxication, Calcium acetate, Caspofungin acetate, Cefepime, Chlortalidone, Theophylline toxicity
Dermatologic Leprosy, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Drug Side Effect Cidofovir, Danazol, Dexlansoprazole, Diuretics, Fluoxymesterone, Gestrinone, Lithium, Nandrolone, Paricalcitol, Tamoxifen, Teriparatide, Thiazide, Toremifene
Ear Nose Throat Oral candidiasis, Sjogren's syndrome
Endocrine Abnormal parathyroid gland function, Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Adenoma, Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Adrenal insufficiency, Adult t-cell lymphoma  , Bartter's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Hyperparathyroidism  , Hyperthyroidism, Hypoparathyroidism, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, Non-parathyroid mediated, Paget's disease of bone, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hormone related peptide, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Parathyroid mediated, Pituitary tumour , Pthrp, Tryptophan malabsorption syndrome
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Hepatocellular carcinoma, Vipoma
Genetic Activation of extrarenal 1 alpha-hydroxylase , Beuren-williams syndrome, Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Inherited variants, Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Phosphoethanolaminuria, Pseudophosphatasia  , William's syndrome
Hematologic Acute adult t-cell leukemia  , Adult t-cell leukemia, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia  , Cuffed blood sample, Cushing's syndrome, Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia, Hematologic malignancy, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypervitaminosis a, Hypervitaminosis d, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia  , Leukemia, Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Plasma cell granuloma, Polycythemia, Pseudophosphatasia  , Pthrp, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia 
Iatrogenic Kidney transplant
Infectious Disease Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Oral candidiasis, Tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Bone cancer, Bone fracture, Immobilization, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, Paraplegia
Neurologic Adrenal cortex insufficiency, Brown-sequard syndrome 
Nutritional / Metabolic Milk-alkali syndrome, Parenteral nutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Subcutaneous fat necrosis of newborn
Oncologic Acute adult t-cell leukemia  , Adenoma, Adult t-cell leukemia, Adult t-cell lymphoma  , Bone cancer, Breast cancer, Bronchial carcinoma, Chronic adult t-cell leukemia  , Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma, Hematologic malignancy, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypercalcemia of malignancy, Kidney cancer, Lymphoma, Metastatic neoplasm, Multiple endocrine neoplasia, Multiple myeloma, Osteolytic bone metastases and local cytokines, Osteomalacia, Ovarian cancer, Paraneoplastic syndrome, Parathyroid carcinoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia, Pheochromocytoma, Pituitary tumour , Plasma cell granuloma, Silicone-induced granuloma, Smoldering adult t-cell leukemia  , Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity , Aluminum intoxication, Aspirin (in large amounts), Drugs, Hypervitaminosis D, Vitamin A intoxication, Vitamin D intoxication
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Berylliosis, Bronchial carcinoma, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Tuberculosis
Renal / Electrolyte Acute renal failure, Bartter's syndrome, Gitelman syndrome, Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis, Hypophosphataemia, Hypophosphatasia  , Kidney cancer, Kidney transplant, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure, Rhabdomyolysis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Chronic granulomatous disorders
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Bone fracture, Dehydration
Urologic Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, Milk-alkali syndrome, Renal failure
Miscellaneous Idiopathic hypercalcemia (in infants), Immobilization, Paraplegia

Causes in Alphabetical Order

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
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References

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