**Doxycycline and ofloxacin should not be prescribed for pregnant women.
**Doxycycline and ofloxacin should not be prescribed for pregnant women.
|}
|}
====Topical therapy====
Oral rinses were more effective in treating conditions affecting oral cavity and base of the tongue whereas sprays were more effective in coating the posterior pharynx and hence they were used to treat posterior pharynx conditions.<ref name="Patel-1999">{{Cite journal | last1 = Patel | first1 = SK. | last2 = Ghufoor | first2 = K. | last3 = Jayaraj | first3 = SM. | last4 = McPartlin | first4 = DW. | last5 = Philpott | first5 = J. | title = Pictorial assessment of the delivery of oropharyngeal rinse versus oropharyngeal spray. | journal = J Laryngol Otol | volume = 113 | issue = 12 | pages = 1092-4 | month = Dec | year = 1999 | doi = | PMID = 10767923 }}</ref>
=====Oral rinses=====
*Salt water gargles which have been used since a long time have not shown any benefit in releiving throat pain . It is still used as it has minimal side effects.
*[[Lidocaine]], [[Diphenhydramine]] and [[Maalox]] ([[Aluminium hydroxide]], [[magnesium hydroxide]] and simethicone) have shown to be helpful. This combination can be used to treat Coxsackie A or B infection or herpes simplex. Avoid using the lidocaine over its recommended use.<ref name="Hess-1988">{{Cite journal | last1 = Hess | first1 = GP. | last2 = Walson | first2 = PD. | title = Seizures secondary to oral viscous lidocaine. | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 17 | issue = 7 | pages = 725-7 | month = Jul | year = 1988 | doi = | PMID = 3382075 }}</ref><ref name="Gonzalez del Rey-1994">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gonzalez del Rey | first1 = J. | last2 = Wason | first2 = S. | last3 = Druckenbrod | first3 = RW. | title = Lidocaine overdose: another preventable case? | journal = Pediatr Emerg Care | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 344-6 | month = Dec | year = 1994 | doi = | PMID = 7899121 }}</ref>
*[[Benzydamine]] hydrochloride rinses have shown to be help reduce the pain in a few cases. However, they are used more frequently to treat radiation mucositis.<ref name="Turnbull-1995">{{Cite journal | last1 = Turnbull | first1 = RS. | title = Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions. | journal = J Can Dent Assoc | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 127-34 | month = Feb | year = 1995 | doi = | PMID = 7600413 }}</ref><ref name="Passàli-2001">{{Cite journal | last1 = Passàli | first1 = D. | last2 = Volonté | first2 = M. | last3 = Passàli | first3 = GC. | last4 = Damiani | first4 = V. | last5 = Bellussi | first5 = L. | title = Efficacy and safety of ketoprofen lysine salt mouthwash versus benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash in acute pharyngeal inflammation: a randomized, single-blind study. | journal = Clin Ther | volume = 23 | issue = 9 | pages = 1508-18 | month = Sep | year = 2001 | doi = | PMID = 11589263 }}</ref><ref name="Wethington-1985">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wethington | first1 = JF. | title = Double-blind study of benzydamine hydrochloride, a new treatment for sore throat. | journal = Clin Ther | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 641-6 | month = | year = 1985 | doi = | PMID = 3902241 }}</ref><ref name="Epstein-2001">{{Cite journal | last1 = Epstein | first1 = JB. | last2 = Silverman | first2 = S. | last3 = Paggiarino | first3 = DA. | last4 = Crockett | first4 = S. | last5 = Schubert | first5 = MM. | last6 = Senzer | first6 = NN. | last7 = Lockhart | first7 = PB. | last8 = Gallagher | first8 = MJ. | last9 = Peterson | first9 = DE. | title = Benzydamine HCl for prophylaxis of radiation-induced oral mucositis: results from a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | journal = Cancer | volume = 92 | issue = 4 | pages = 875-85 | month = Aug | year = 2001 | doi = | PMID = 11550161 }}</ref><ref name="Kim-1986">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kim | first1 = JH. | last2 = Chu | first2 = FC. | last3 = Lakshmi | first3 = V. | last4 = Houde | first4 = R. | title = Benzydamine HCl, a new agent for the treatment of radiation mucositis of the oropharynx. | journal = Am J Clin Oncol | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 132-4 | month = Apr | year = 1986 | doi = | PMID = 3521255 }}</ref>
=====Sprays=====
*Topical anesthetic sprays have been used in the past to treat pharyngitis , however their effect is not signigficant . They may also cause a few allergic reactions and side effects like methemoglobinemia and hence should not be used in children.
*Chlorhexidine /benzydamine sprays are more effective in alleviating symptoms of acure viral pharyngitis and group A streptococcal pharyngitis.<ref name="Cingi-2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Cingi | first1 = C. | last2 = Songu | first2 = M. | last3 = Ural | first3 = A. | last4 = Erdogmus | first4 = N. | last5 = Yildirim | first5 = M. | last6 = Cakli | first6 = H. | last7 = Bal | first7 = C. | title = Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and benzydamine hydrochloride mouth spray on clinical signs and quality of life of patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. | journal = J Laryngol Otol | volume = 125 | issue = 6 | pages = 620-5 | month = Jun | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1017/S0022215111000065 | PMID = 21310101 }}</ref><ref name="Cingi-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Cingi | first1 = C. | last2 = Songu | first2 = M. | last3 = Ural | first3 = A. | last4 = Yildirim | first4 = M. | last5 = Erdogmus | first5 = N. | last6 = Bal | first6 = C. | title = Effects of chlorhexidine/benzydamine mouth spray on pain and quality of life in acute viral pharyngitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. | journal = Ear Nose Throat J | volume = 89 | issue = 11 | pages = 546-9 | month = Nov | year = 2010 | doi = | PMID = 21086279 }}</ref>
=====Lozenges=====
*Medical throat lozenges help reducing the duration of symptoms and also provide with some sympotomatic relief. They do come with a few side effects similiar to sprays like methemoglobinemia. They are not recommended for children as there is a risk of choking Lozenges containing antisepotics, menthol , anesthetics and antiflammatory agents have been used.<ref name="Bisno-2001">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bisno | first1 = AL. | title = Acute pharyngitis. | journal = N Engl J Med | volume = 344 | issue = 3 | pages = 205-11 | month = Jan | year = 2001 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 | PMID = 11172144 }}</ref><ref name="Watson-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Watson | first1 = N. | last2 = Nimmo | first2 = WS. | last3 = Christian | first3 = J. | last4 = Charlesworth | first4 = A. | last5 = Speight | first5 = J. | last6 = Miller | first6 = K. | title = Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. | journal = Int J Clin Pract | volume = 54 | issue = 8 | pages = 490-6 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11198725 }}</ref><ref name="-2007">{{Cite journal | title = Flurbiprofen: new indication. Lozenges: NSAIDs are not to be taken like sweets! | journal = Prescrire Int | volume = 16 | issue = 87 | pages = 13 | month = Feb | year = 2007 | doi = | PMID = 17323518 }}</ref>
====Systemic Therapy====
=====Analgesics=====
Analgesics are prescribed for moderate to severe pain. Acetaminophen , Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) have shown to decrease pain symptoms. They may also help in reducing fever and inflammation.<ref name="Thomas-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = M. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Glasziou | first3 = P. | title = How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? | journal = Br J Gen Pract | volume = 50 | issue = 459 | pages = 817-20 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11127175 }}</ref><ref name="Gehanno-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gehanno | first1 = P. | last2 = Dreiser | first2 = RL. | last3 = Ionescu | first3 = E. | last4 = Gold | first4 = M. | last5 = Liu | first5 = JM. | title = Lowest effective single dose of diclofenac for antipyretic and analgesic effects in acute febrile sore throat. | journal = Clin Drug Investig | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 263-71 | month = | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 17535039 }}</ref><ref name="Schachtel-1993">{{Cite journal | last1 = Schachtel | first1 = BP. | last2 = Thoden | first2 = WR. | title = A placebo-controlled model for assaying systemic analgesics in children. | journal = Clin Pharmacol Ther | volume = 53 | issue = 5 | pages = 593-601 | month = May | year = 1993 | doi = | PMID = 8491069 }}</ref><ref name="Bertin-1991">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bertin | first1 = L. | last2 = Pons | first2 = G. | last3 = d'Athis | first3 = P. | last4 = Lasfargues | first4 = G. | last5 = Maudelonde | first5 = C. | last6 = Duhamel | first6 = JF. | last7 = Olive | first7 = G. | title = Randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial of ibuprofen versus acetaminophen (paracetamol) and placebo for treatment of symptoms of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children. | journal = J Pediatr | volume = 119 | issue = 5 | pages = 811-4 | month = Nov | year = 1991 | doi = | PMID = 1941391 }}</ref><ref name="Benarrosh-">{{Cite journal | last1 = Benarrosh | first1 = C. | title = [Multicenter double blind study of tiaprofenic acid versus placebo in tonsillitis and pharyngitis in children]. | journal = Arch Fr Pediatr | volume = 46 | issue = 7 | pages = 541-6 | month = | year = | doi = | PMID = 2688592 }}</ref><ref name="Eccles-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Eccles | first1 = R. | last2 = Loose | first2 = I. | last3 = Jawad | first3 = M. | last4 = Nyman | first4 = L. | title = Effects of acetylsalicylic acid on sore throat pain and other pain symptoms associated with acute upper respiratory tract infection. | journal = Pain Med | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 118-24 | month = Jun | year = 2003 | doi = | PMID = 12873261 }}</ref>Aspirin should be avoided in children as it may cause [[Reye's syndrome]] .Only for severe pain codeine may be added to the NSAID.
=====Glucocorticoids=====
They may alleviate pain , and may also be beneficial in patients of Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. No benefits were obtained by adding single dose glucocorticoid to antimicrobial therapy in children.<ref name="Olympia-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Olympia | first1 = RP. | last2 = Khine | first2 = H. | last3 = Avner | first3 = JR. | title = Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children. | journal = Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | volume = 159 | issue = 3 | pages = 278-82 | month = Mar | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1001/archpedi.159.3.278 | PMID = 15753273 }}</ref><ref name="O'Brien-1993">{{Cite journal | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = JF. | last2 = Meade | first2 = JL. | last3 = Falk | first3 = JL. | title = Dexamethasone as adjuvant therapy for severe acute pharyngitis. | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 212-5 | month = Feb | year = 1993 | doi = | PMID = 8427434 }}</ref><ref name="Bulloch-2003">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bulloch | first1 = B. | last2 = Kabani | first2 = A. | last3 = Tenenbein | first3 = M. | title = Oral dexamethasone for the treatment of pain in children with acute pharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. | journal = Ann Emerg Med | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 601-8 | month = May | year = 2003 | doi = 10.1067/mem.2003.136 | PMID = 12712025 }}</ref><ref name="Marvez-Valls-2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = Marvez-Valls | first1 = EG. | last2 = Stuckey | first2 = A. | last3 = Ernst | first3 = AA. | title = A randomized clinical trial of oral versus intramuscular delivery of steroids in acute exudative pharyngitis. | journal = Acad Emerg Med | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 9-14 | month = Jan | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 11772663 }}</ref><ref name="Roy-2004">{{Cite journal | last1 = Roy | first1 = M. | last2 = Bailey | first2 = B. | last3 = Amre | first3 = DK. | last4 = Girodias | first4 = JB. | last5 = Bussières | first5 = JF. | last6 = Gaudreault | first6 = P. | title = Dexamethasone for the treatment of sore throat in children with suspected infectious mononucleosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. | journal = Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | volume = 158 | issue = 3 | pages = 250-4 | month = Mar | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/archpedi.158.3.250 | PMID = 14993084 }}</ref><ref name="Niland-2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Niland | first1 = ML. | last2 = Bonsu | first2 = BK. | last3 = Nuss | first3 = KE. | last4 = Goodman | first4 = DG. | title = A pilot study of 1 versus 3 days of dexamethasone as add-on therapy in children with streptococcal pharyngitis. | journal = Pediatr Infect Dis J | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 477-81 | month = Jun | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1097/01.inf.0000219469.95772.3f | PMID = 16732143 }}</ref><ref name="Wing-2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Wing | first1 = A. | last2 = Villa-Roel | first2 = C. | last3 = Yeh | first3 = B. | last4 = Eskin | first4 = B. | last5 = Buckingham | first5 = J. | last6 = Rowe | first6 = BH. | title = Effectiveness of corticosteroid treatment in acute pharyngitis: a systematic review of the literature. | journal = Acad Emerg Med | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 476-83 | month = May | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00723.x | PMID = 20536799 }}</ref><ref name="Hayward-2012">{{Cite journal | last1 = Hayward | first1 = G. | last2 = Thompson | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Perera | first3 = R. | last4 = Glasziou | first4 = PP. | last5 = Del Mar | first5 = CB. | last6 = Heneghan | first6 = CJ. | title = Corticosteroids as standalone or add-on treatment for sore throat. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = CD008268 | month = | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD008268.pub2 | PMID = 23076943 }}</ref>Since there are safer and more effective alternatives than glucocorticoids for pain relief and their long term use come with a few side effects they not recommended for symptomatic relief of throat pain.However in a few conditions like infectious mononucleosis a short term may be help in alleviating pain.
===Antibiotic therapy===
*Antibiotics should be used with caution in patients of pharyngitis as all patients do not necessarily need it. They may also cause some undesired complications or side effects. The rationale behind prescribing antibiotics is to prevent complications and secondary infections.<ref name="Thomas-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = M. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Glasziou | first3 = P. | title = How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? | journal = Br J Gen Pract | volume = 50 | issue = 459 | pages = 817-20 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11127175 }}</ref><ref name="Spinks-2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Spinks | first1 = A. | last2 = Glasziou | first2 = PP. | last3 = Del Mar | first3 = CB. | title = Antibiotics for sore throat. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = CD000023 | month = | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub4 | PMID = 24190439 }}</ref>. They may also allow for rapidly resuming usual activities and prevent spread to family, classmates, and other close contacts.<ref name="Lindbaek-2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lindbaek | first1 = M. | last2 = Francis | first2 = N. | last3 = Cannings-John | first3 = R. | last4 = Butler | first4 = CC. | last5 = Hjortdahl | first5 = P. | title = Clinical course of suspected viral sore throat in young adults: cohort study. | journal = Scand J Prim Health Care | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 93-7 | month = Jun | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1080/02813430600638227 | PMID = 16690557 }}</ref>
*Antibiotics are only needed or prescribed prophylactically for Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GAS). Antibiotics may help in decreasing the duration of symptoms but a few studies have shown that analgesic have the a similar or better effect.<ref name="Thomas-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Thomas | first1 = M. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Glasziou | first3 = P. | title = How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? | journal = Br J Gen Pract | volume = 50 | issue = 459 | pages = 817-20 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11127175 }}</ref><ref name="Bradley-2000">{{Cite journal | last1 = Bradley | first1 = CP. | title = Taking another look at the acute sore throat. | journal = Br J Gen Pract | volume = 50 | issue = 459 | pages = 780-1 | month = Oct | year = 2000 | doi = | PMID = 11127165 }}</ref>
*Antibiotics are prescribed for streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent suppurative infections like [[peritonsillar abscess]], cervical [[lymphadenitis]], [[mastoiditis]] and other invasive infections and non-suppurative complications like [[acute rheumatic fever]]
*Of note, [[poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis]] is not prevented by antibiotic therapy.
*Inappropriate or overzealous use of antibiotics for treatment of pharyngitis is one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance.<ref name="Linder-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Linder | first1 = JA. | last2 = Bates | first2 = DW. | last3 = Lee | first3 = GM. | last4 = Finkelstein | first4 = JA. | title = Antibiotic treatment of children with sore throat. | journal = JAMA | volume = 294 | issue = 18 | pages = 2315-22 | month = Nov | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1001/jama.294.18.2315 | PMID = 16278359 }}</ref><ref name="Linder-2006">{{Cite journal | last1 = Linder | first1 = JA. | last2 = Chan | first2 = JC. | last3 = Bates | first3 = DW. | title = Evaluation and treatment of pharyngitis in primary care practice: the difference between guidelines is largely academic. | journal = Arch Intern Med | volume = 166 | issue = 13 | pages = 1374-9 | month = Jul | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.166.13.1374 | PMID = 16832002 }}</ref><ref name="McCaig-2002">{{Cite journal | last1 = McCaig | first1 = LF. | last2 = Besser | first2 = RE. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = JM. | title = Trends in antimicrobial prescribing rates for children and adolescents. | journal = JAMA | volume = 287 | issue = 23 | pages = 3096-102 | month = Jun | year = 2002 | doi = | PMID = 12069672 }}</ref>
The majority of cases of pharyngitis are self-limited and only require symptomatic therapy. Accurate diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis followed by appropriate antimicrobial therapy is important for the prevention of acute rheumatic fever, for the prevention of suppurative complications (e.g, Peritonsillar abscess, cervical lymphadenitis, mastoiditis, and, possibly, other invasive infections), to improve clinical symptoms and signs, for the rapid decrease in contagiousness, for the reduction in transmission of GAS to family members, classmates, and other close contacts of the patient to allow for the rapid resumption of usual activities; and for the minimization of potential adverse effects of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy.[1]
Medical Therapy
Acute pharyngitis should be treated according to the etiologic agent.
As viral infections are the most common causes of pharyngitis in children, most patients do not require treatment and only need supportive care.[2]
Bacterial pharyngitis is common among young children and adolescents. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis is the only common form of the disease for which antimicrobial therapy is definitely indicated. Therefore, when a clinician evaluates a patient with acute sore throat, the most important clinical task is to decide whether or not the patient has “strep throat.”[3]
Algorithm of Medical therapy for Pharyngitis
Supportive Therapies
Systemic Therapy
Antimicrobial Regimens
Topical therapy
Oral rinses were more effective in treating conditions affecting oral cavity and base of the tongue whereas sprays were more effective in coating the posterior pharynx and hence they were used to treat posterior pharynx conditions.[4]
Oral rinses
Salt water gargles which have been used since a long time have not shown any benefit in releiving throat pain . It is still used as it has minimal side effects.
Benzydamine hydrochloride rinses have shown to be help reduce the pain in a few cases. However, they are used more frequently to treat radiation mucositis.[7][8]
Sprays
Topical anesthetic sprays have been used in the past to treat pharyngitis , however their effect is not signigficant . They may also cause a few allergic reactions and side effects like methemoglobinemia and hence should not be used in children.
Chlorhexidine /benzydamine sprays are more effective in alleviating symptoms of acure viral pharyngitis and group A streptococcal pharyngitis.[9][10]
Lozenges
Medical throat lozenges help reducing the duration of symptoms and also provide with some sympotomatic relief. They do come with a few side effects similiar to sprays like methemoglobinemia. They are not recommended for children as there is a risk of choking Lozenges containing antisepotics, menthol , anesthetics and antiflammatory agents have been used.[11][12]
Analgesics
Analgesics are prescribed for moderate to severe pain. Acetaminophen , Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) have shown to decrease pain symptoms. They may also help in reducing fever and inflammation.[13][14]Aspirin should be avoided in children as it may cause Reye's syndrome .Only for severe pain codeine may be added to the NSAID.
Glucocorticoids
They may alleviate pain , and may also be beneficial in patients of Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. No benefits were obtained by adding single dose glucocorticoid to antimicrobial therapy in children.[15][16][17]Since there are safer and more effective alternatives than glucocorticoids for pain relief and their long term use come with a few side effects they not recommended for symptomatic relief of throat pain.However in a few conditions like infectious mononucleosis a short term may be help in alleviating pain.
↑Turnbull, RS. (1995). "Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions". J Can Dent Assoc. 61 (2): 127–34. PMID7600413. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑Passàli, D.; Volonté, M.; Passàli, GC.; Damiani, V.; Bellussi, L. (2001). "Efficacy and safety of ketoprofen lysine salt mouthwash versus benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash in acute pharyngeal inflammation: a randomized, single-blind study". Clin Ther. 23 (9): 1508–18. PMID11589263. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑Cingi, C.; Songu, M.; Ural, A.; Erdogmus, N.; Yildirim, M.; Cakli, H.; Bal, C. (2011). "Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and benzydamine hydrochloride mouth spray on clinical signs and quality of life of patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study". J Laryngol Otol. 125 (6): 620–5. doi:10.1017/S0022215111000065. PMID21310101. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑Cingi, C.; Songu, M.; Ural, A.; Yildirim, M.; Erdogmus, N.; Bal, C. (2010). "Effects of chlorhexidine/benzydamine mouth spray on pain and quality of life in acute viral pharyngitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study". Ear Nose Throat J. 89 (11): 546–9. PMID21086279. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑Watson, N.; Nimmo, WS.; Christian, J.; Charlesworth, A.; Speight, J.; Miller, K. (2000). "Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety". Int J Clin Pract. 54 (8): 490–6. PMID11198725. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑Thomas, M.; Del Mar, C.; Glasziou, P. (2000). "How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat?". Br J Gen Pract. 50 (459): 817–20. PMID11127175. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑Gehanno, P.; Dreiser, RL.; Ionescu, E.; Gold, M.; Liu, JM. (2003). "Lowest effective single dose of diclofenac for antipyretic and analgesic effects in acute febrile sore throat". Clin Drug Investig. 23 (4): 263–71. PMID17535039.
↑Olympia, RP.; Khine, H.; Avner, JR. (2005). "Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 159 (3): 278–82. doi:10.1001/archpedi.159.3.278. PMID15753273. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑O'Brien, JF.; Meade, JL.; Falk, JL. (1993). "Dexamethasone as adjuvant therapy for severe acute pharyngitis". Ann Emerg Med. 22 (2): 212–5. PMID8427434. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑Bulloch, B.; Kabani, A.; Tenenbein, M. (2003). "Oral dexamethasone for the treatment of pain in children with acute pharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Ann Emerg Med. 41 (5): 601–8. doi:10.1067/mem.2003.136. PMID12712025. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
