Brucellosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis are: consuming unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products, unsafe hunting practices, and occupational risks | Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis are: 1) consuming unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products, 2) unsafe hunting practices, and 3) occupational risks. | ||
== Risk Factors == | == Risk Factors == | ||
Common risk factors in the development of | Common risk factors in the development of [[Brucellosis]] include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/exposure/|title=CDC|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22739776">{{cite journal| author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)| title=Human exposures to marine Brucella isolated from a harbor porpoise - Maine, 2012. | journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep | year= 2012 | volume= 61 | issue= 25 | pages= 461-3 | pmid=22739776 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22739776 }}</ref> | ||
* Living or travelling to Brucellosis endemic countries | * Living or travelling to Brucellosis [[endemic]] countries | ||
* Occupational | * [[Occupational Health|Occupational]] | ||
* Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products | * Consumption of [[Unpasteurized milk|unpasteurized]] dairy products or [[Raw foodism|raw]] meat products | ||
* Hunting | * Hunting | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|Countries at Risk | |Countries at Risk | ||
|Although | |Although Brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common in countries that do not have effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are: | ||
*Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa) | *Mediterranean Basin (Portugal, Spain, Southern France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, North Africa) | ||
*Mexico, South America, and Central America | *Mexico, South America, and Central America | ||
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|Occupational Risks | |Occupational Risks | ||
|Individuals in certain occupations or settings may face increased exposure to the bacteria that cause | |Individuals in certain occupations or settings may face increased exposure to the [[bacteria]] that cause [[Brucellosis (patient information)|Brucellosis]]. These include: | ||
*'''Slaughterhouse workers''' | *'''Slaughterhouse workers''' | ||
**Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for individuals working in slaughterhouses | **Contamination of [[skin]] [[wounds]] may be a problem for individuals working in slaughterhouses | ||
*'''Meat-packing employees''' | *'''Meat-packing employees''' | ||
**Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for individuals working in meat packing plants | **Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for individuals working in meat packing plants | ||
*'''Veterinarians''' | *'''Veterinarians''' | ||
**Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for veterinarians | **Contamination of skin wounds may be a problem for veterinarians | ||
**[[Brucella canis|''B. canis'']] is the species of [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] species that can infect dogs. This species has occasionally been transmitted to humans, but the vast majority of dog infections do not result in human illness. Although veterinarians exposed to blood of infected animals are at risk, pet owners are not considered to be at risk for infection. This is partly because it is unlikely that they will come in contact with blood, semen, or placenta of the dog. | **[[Brucella canis|''B. canis'']] is the species of [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] species that can infect dogs. This species has occasionally been transmitted to humans, but the vast majority of dog [[Infection|infections]] do not result in human illness. Although veterinarians exposed to [[blood]] of infected animals are at risk, pet owners are not considered to be at risk for infection. This is partly because it is unlikely that they will come in contact with blood, [[semen]], or [[placenta]] of the dog. | ||
*'''Laboratory workers''' | *'''Laboratory workers''' | ||
**Inhalation of [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] organisms is not a common route of infection, but it can be a significant hazard for people working in laboratories | **Inhalation of [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] organisms is not a common route of infection, but it can be a significant [[hazard]] for people working in laboratories | ||
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|Unpasteurized Dairy Products and raw meat products | |Unpasteurized Dairy Products and raw meat products | ||
| | | | ||
*Unpasteurized cheeses (sometimes called "village cheeses") from areas at increased risk for | *[[Unpasteurized milk|Unpasteurized]] cheeses (sometimes called "village cheeses") from areas at increased risk for [[Brucellosis]] may represent a particular risk for tourists. | ||
*Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help prevent or monitor possible outbreaks, such as pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations, and | *Developing countries often do not have safeguards that can help prevent or monitor possible outbreaks, such as pasteurization laws, animal control/slaughter regulations, and [[Brucellosis]] surveillance programs. | ||
*When traveling in areas with high risk, indivuduals may unknowingly consume unpasteurized dairy products. People from the U.S. who travel to these areas should: | *When traveling in areas with high risk, indivuduals may unknowingly consume [[unpasteurized dairy]] products. People from the U.S. who travel to these areas should: | ||
**Recognize that milk and dairy products may not be pasteurized and could be unsafe to consume. | **Recognize that milk and [[Dairy|dairy products]] may not be pasteurized and could be unsafe to consume. | ||
**Only consume meat products which are thoroughly cooked, since many countries cannot ensure | **Only consume meat products which are thoroughly cooked, since many countries cannot ensure [[Brucellosis (patient information)|Brucellosis]]-free meat products. | ||
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|Hunters | |Hunters | ||
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**Caribou | **Caribou | ||
**Moose | **Moose | ||
*Hunters may be infected through skin wounds or by accidentally ingesting the bacteria after cleaning animals that they have killed. | *Hunters may be infected through [[skin]] [[wounds]] or by accidentally ingesting the [[bacteria]] after cleaning animals that they have killed. | ||
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|Risks for Expecting Mothers | |Risks for Expecting Mothers | ||
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*While rare, human-to-human transmission from lactating mothers to their breastfed | *While rare, human-to-human transmission from lactating mothers to their breastfed [[infant]]<nowiki/>s has been reported. | ||
*Prompt diagnosis and treatment of | *Prompt diagnosis and treatment of [[Brucellosis]] during [[pregnancy]] can be lifesaving for the [[fetus]]. | ||
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Revision as of 15:48, 9 January 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2] Danitza Lukac
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of brucellosis are: 1) consuming unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products, 2) unsafe hunting practices, and 3) occupational risks.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of Brucellosis include:[1][2]
- Living or travelling to Brucellosis endemic countries
- Occupational
- Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products or raw meat products
- Hunting
| Risk factors/risk of exposure in the development of Brucellosis (Center of disease control and prevention) | |
|---|---|
| Countries at Risk | Although Brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common in countries that do not have effective public health and domestic animal health programs. Areas currently listed as high risk are:
|
| Occupational Risks | Individuals in certain occupations or settings may face increased exposure to the bacteria that cause Brucellosis. These include:
|
| Unpasteurized Dairy Products and raw meat products |
|
| Hunters | |
| Risks for Expecting Mothers |
|