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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Pharyngitis}}
{{Pharyngitis}}
{{CMG}};{{AE}} {{chetan}}{{VSKP}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{chetan}}, {{VSKP}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
The majority of cases of pharyngitis are self-limited and only require symptomatic therapy. Accurate diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis followed by appropriate antimicrobial therapy is important for the prevention of acute rheumatic fever, for the prevention of suppurative complications (e.g, Peritonsillar abscess, cervical lymphadenitis, mastoiditis, and, possibly, other invasive infections), to improve clinical symptoms and signs, for the rapid decrease in contagiousness, for the reduction in transmission of GAS to family members, classmates, and other close contacts of the patient to allow for the rapid resumption of usual activities; and for the minimization of potential adverse effects of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy.<ref name="pmid23091044">Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G et al. (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23091044 Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.] ''Clin Infect Dis'' 55 (10):1279-82. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis847 DOI:10.1093/cid/cis847] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/23091044 23091044]</ref>   
The majority of cases of pharyngitis are self-limited and only require symptomatic therapy. Accurate diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis followed by appropriate antimicrobial therapy is important for the prevention of acute rheumatic fever, for the prevention of suppurative complications (e.g, [[peritonsillar abscess]], cervical lymphadenitis, mastoiditis, and, possibly, other invasive infections), to improve clinical symptoms and signs, for the rapid decrease in contagiousness, for the reduction in transmission of GAS to family members, classmates, and other close contacts of the patient to allow for the rapid resumption of usual activities; and for the minimization of potential adverse effects of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy.<ref name="pmid23091044">Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G et al. (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23091044 Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.] ''Clin Infect Dis'' 55 (10):1279-82. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis847 DOI:10.1093/cid/cis847] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/23091044 23091044]</ref>   
 
==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==
*Acute pharyngitis should be treated according to the etiologic agent.
*Acute pharyngitis should be treated according to the etiologic agent.
*As viral infections are the most common causes of pharyngitis in children, most patients do not require treatment and only need supportive care.<ref name="pmid8637780">Bisno AL (1996) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8637780 Acute pharyngitis: etiology and diagnosis.] ''Pediatrics'' 97 (6 Pt 2):949-54. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8637780 8637780]</ref>
*As viral infections are the most common causes of pharyngitis in children, most patients do not require treatment and only need supportive care.<ref name="pmid8637780">Bisno AL (1996) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8637780 Acute pharyngitis: etiology and diagnosis.] ''Pediatrics'' 97 (6 Pt 2):949-54. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8637780 8637780]</ref>
* Bacterial pharyngitis is common among young children and adolescents. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis is the only common form of the disease for which antimicrobial therapy is definitely indicated. Therefore, when a clinician evaluates a patient with acute sore throat, the most important clinical task is to decide whether or not the patient has “strep throat.”<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref>
* Bacterial pharyngitis is common among young children and adolescents. [[Group A streptococcal pharyngitis]] is the only common form of the disease for which antimicrobial therapy is definitely indicated. Therefore, when a clinician evaluates a patient with acute sore throat, the most important clinical task is to decide whether or not the patient has “strep throat.”<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref>
 
===Algorithm of Medical therapy for Pharyngitis===
===Algorithm of Medical therapy for Pharyngitis===
[[Image:Algorithm of Medical therapy for Pharyngitis.jpg|800px]]
[[Image:Algorithm of Medical therapy for Pharyngitis.jpg|800px]]
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* Oral rinses were more effective in treating conditions affecting oral cavity and base of the tongue whereas sprays were more effective in coating the posterior pharynx and hence they were used to treat posterior pharynx conditions.<ref name="pmid10767923">Patel SK, Ghufoor K, Jayaraj SM, McPartlin DW, Philpott J (1999) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10767923 Pictorial assessment of the delivery of oropharyngeal rinse versus oropharyngeal spray.] ''J Laryngol Otol'' 113 (12):1092-4. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10767923 10767923]</ref>
* Oral rinses were more effective in treating conditions affecting oral cavity and base of the tongue whereas sprays were more effective in coating the posterior pharynx and hence they were used to treat posterior pharynx conditions.<ref name="pmid10767923">Patel SK, Ghufoor K, Jayaraj SM, McPartlin DW, Philpott J (1999) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10767923 Pictorial assessment of the delivery of oropharyngeal rinse versus oropharyngeal spray.] ''J Laryngol Otol'' 113 (12):1092-4. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10767923 10767923]</ref>
'''Oral rinses'''
'''Oral rinses'''
*Salt water gargles which have been used since a long time have not shown any benefit in releiving  throat pain . It is still used as it has minimal side effects.
*Salt water gargles do not demonstrate any benefit in relieving throat pain. There are minimal side effects associated with these oral rinses.  
*[[Lidocaine]], [[Diphenhydramine]] and [[Maalox]]  ([[Aluminium hydroxide]], [[magnesium hydroxide]] and simethicone) have shown to be helpful. This combination can be used to treat Coxsackie  A or B infection or herpes simplex. Avoid using the lidocaine over its recommended use.<ref name="pmid3382075">Hess GP, Walson PD (1988) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3382075 Seizures secondary to oral viscous lidocaine.] ''Ann Emerg Med'' 17 (7):725-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/3382075 3382075]</ref><ref name="pmid7899121">Gonzalez del Rey J, Wason S, Druckenbrod RW (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7899121 Lidocaine overdose: another preventable case?] ''Pediatr Emerg Care'' 10 (6):344-6. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7899121 7899121]</ref>
*[[Lidocaine]], [[Diphenhydramine]] and [[Maalox]]  ([[Aluminium hydroxide]], [[magnesium hydroxide]] and simethicone) have shown to be helpful. This combination can be used to treat Coxsackie  A or B infection or herpes simplex. Avoid using the lidocaine over its recommended use.<ref name="pmid3382075">Hess GP, Walson PD (1988) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3382075 Seizures secondary to oral viscous lidocaine.] ''Ann Emerg Med'' 17 (7):725-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/3382075 3382075]</ref><ref name="pmid7899121">Gonzalez del Rey J, Wason S, Druckenbrod RW (1994) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7899121 Lidocaine overdose: another preventable case?] ''Pediatr Emerg Care'' 10 (6):344-6. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7899121 7899121]</ref>
*[[Benzydamine]] hydrochloride rinses have shown to be help reduce the pain in a few cases. However, they are used more frequently to treat radiation mucositis.<ref name="pmid7600413">Turnbull RS (1995) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7600413 Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions.] ''J Can Dent Assoc'' 61 (2):127-34. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7600413 7600413]</ref><ref name="pmid11589263">Passàli D, Volonté M, Passàli GC, Damiani V, Bellussi L, MISTRAL Italian Study Group (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11589263 Efficacy and safety of ketoprofen lysine salt mouthwash versus benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash in acute pharyngeal inflammation: a randomized, single-blind study.] ''Clin Ther'' 23 (9):1508-18. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11589263 11589263]</ref>
*[[Benzydamine]] hydrochloride rinses have shown to be help reduce the pain in a few cases. However, they are used more frequently to treat radiation mucositis.<ref name="pmid7600413">Turnbull RS (1995) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7600413 Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions.] ''J Can Dent Assoc'' 61 (2):127-34. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7600413 7600413]</ref><ref name="pmid11589263">Passàli D, Volonté M, Passàli GC, Damiani V, Bellussi L, MISTRAL Italian Study Group (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11589263 Efficacy and safety of ketoprofen lysine salt mouthwash versus benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash in acute pharyngeal inflammation: a randomized, single-blind study.] ''Clin Ther'' 23 (9):1508-18. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11589263 11589263]</ref>
'''Sprays'''
'''Sprays'''
*Topical anesthetic sprays have been used in the past to treat pharyngitis , however their effect is not signigficant . They may also cause a few allergic reactions and side effects like methemoglobinemia and hence should not be used in children.
*Topical anesthetic sprays have been used in the past to treat pharyngitis, however their effect is not significant. They may also cause a few allergic reactions and side effects, such as [[methemoglobinemia]], and should not be used in children.
*Chlorhexidine /benzydamine sprays are more effective in alleviating symptoms of acure viral pharyngitis and group A streptococcal pharyngitis.<ref name="pmid21310101">Cingi C, Songu M, Ural A, Erdogmus N, Yildirim M, Cakli H et al. (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21310101 Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and benzydamine hydrochloride mouth spray on clinical signs and quality of life of patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.] ''J Laryngol Otol'' 125 (6):620-5. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022215111000065 DOI:10.1017/S0022215111000065] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21310101 21310101]</ref><ref name="pmid21086279">Cingi C, Songu M, Ural A, Yildirim M, Erdogmus N, Bal C (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21086279 Effects of chlorhexidine/benzydamine mouth spray on pain and quality of life in acute viral pharyngitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study.] ''Ear Nose Throat J'' 89 (11):546-9. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21086279 21086279]</ref>
*[[Chlorhexidine]] / [[benzydamine]] sprays are more effective in alleviating symptoms of acute viral pharyngitis and group A streptococcal pharyngitis.<ref name="pmid21310101">Cingi C, Songu M, Ural A, Erdogmus N, Yildirim M, Cakli H et al. (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21310101 Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and benzydamine hydrochloride mouth spray on clinical signs and quality of life of patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study.] ''J Laryngol Otol'' 125 (6):620-5. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022215111000065 DOI:10.1017/S0022215111000065] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21310101 21310101]</ref><ref name="pmid21086279">Cingi C, Songu M, Ural A, Yildirim M, Erdogmus N, Bal C (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21086279 Effects of chlorhexidine/benzydamine mouth spray on pain and quality of life in acute viral pharyngitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study.] ''Ear Nose Throat J'' 89 (11):546-9. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21086279 21086279]</ref>
'''Lozenges'''
'''Lozenges'''
*Medical throat lozenges help reducing the duration of symptoms and also provide with some sympotomatic relief. They do come with a few side effects similiar to sprays like methemoglobinemia. They are not recommended for children as there is a risk of choking Lozenges containing antisepotics, menthol , anesthetics and antiflammatory agents have been used.<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref><ref name="pmid11198725">Watson N, Nimmo WS, Christian J, Charlesworth A, Speight J, Miller K (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11198725 Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety.] ''Int J Clin Pract'' 54 (8):490-6. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11198725 11198725]</ref>
*Medical throat lozenges help reducing the duration of symptoms and also provide with some symptomatic relief. They are not recommended for children, as there is a risk of choking. Lozenges containing antisepotics, menthol, anesthetics, and anti-inflammatory agents have been used.<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref><ref name="pmid11198725">Watson N, Nimmo WS, Christian J, Charlesworth A, Speight J, Miller K (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11198725 Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety.] ''Int J Clin Pract'' 54 (8):490-6. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11198725 11198725]</ref>
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'''Analgesics'''
'''Analgesics'''
* Analgesics are prescribed for moderate to severe pain. Acetaminophen , Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) have shown to decrease pain symptoms. They may also help in reducing fever and inflammation.<ref name="pmid11127175">Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11127175 How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat?] ''Br J Gen Pract'' 50 (459):817-20. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11127175 11127175]</ref><ref name="pmid17535039">Gehanno P, Dreiser RL, Ionescu E, Gold M, Liu JM (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17535039 Lowest effective single dose of diclofenac for antipyretic and analgesic effects in acute febrile sore throat.] ''Clin Drug Investig'' 23 (4):263-71. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17535039 17535039]</ref> Aspirin should be avoided in children as it may cause [[Reye's syndrome]] .Only for severe pain codeine may be added to the NSAID.
* Analgesics are prescribed for moderate to severe pain. [[Acetaminophen]], Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ([[NSAID]]s) have shown to decrease pain symptoms. They may also help in reducing fever and inflammation.<ref name="pmid11127175">Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11127175 How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat?] ''Br J Gen Pract'' 50 (459):817-20. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11127175 11127175]</ref><ref name="pmid17535039">Gehanno P, Dreiser RL, Ionescu E, Gold M, Liu JM (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17535039 Lowest effective single dose of diclofenac for antipyretic and analgesic effects in acute febrile sore throat.] ''Clin Drug Investig'' 23 (4):263-71. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17535039 17535039]</ref> [[Aspirin]] should be avoided in children as it may cause [[Reye's syndrome]]. For severe pain, [[codeine]] may be added to the NSAID.
'''Glucocorticoids'''
'''Glucocorticoids'''
* They may alleviate pain , and may also be beneficial in patients of Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. No benefits were obtained by adding single dose glucocorticoid to antimicrobial therapy in children.<ref name="pmid15753273">Olympia RP, Khine H, Avner JR (2005) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15753273 Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children.] ''Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med'' 159 (3):278-82. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.3.278 DOI:10.1001/archpedi.159.3.278] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15753273 15753273]</ref><ref name="pmid8427434">O'Brien JF, Meade JL, Falk JL (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8427434 Dexamethasone as adjuvant therapy for severe acute pharyngitis.] ''Ann Emerg Med'' 22 (2):212-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8427434 8427434]</ref><ref name="pmid12712025">Bulloch B, Kabani A, Tenenbein M (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12712025 Oral dexamethasone for the treatment of pain in children with acute pharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.] ''Ann Emerg Med'' 41 (5):601-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mem.2003.136 DOI:10.1067/mem.2003.136] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/12712025 12712025]</ref> Since there are safer and more effective alternatives than glucocorticoids for pain relief and their long term use come with a few side effects they not recommended for symptomatic relief of throat pain.However in a few conditions like infectious mononucleosis a short term may  be help in alleviating pain.
* [[Glucocorticoid]]s may alleviate pain, and may also be beneficial in patients of Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. No benefits were obtained by adding single dose glucocorticoid to antimicrobial therapy in children.<ref name="pmid15753273">Olympia RP, Khine H, Avner JR (2005) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15753273 Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children.] ''Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med'' 159 (3):278-82. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.3.278 DOI:10.1001/archpedi.159.3.278] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15753273 15753273]</ref><ref name="pmid8427434">O'Brien JF, Meade JL, Falk JL (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8427434 Dexamethasone as adjuvant therapy for severe acute pharyngitis.] ''Ann Emerg Med'' 22 (2):212-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8427434 8427434]</ref><ref name="pmid12712025">Bulloch B, Kabani A, Tenenbein M (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12712025 Oral dexamethasone for the treatment of pain in children with acute pharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.] ''Ann Emerg Med'' 41 (5):601-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mem.2003.136 DOI:10.1067/mem.2003.136] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/12712025 12712025]</ref> Because there are safer and more effective alternatives than glucocorticoids for pain relief associated with fewer side effects, they not recommended for symptomatic relief of throat pain.
 
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'''Streptococcal pharyngitis'''<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref>
'''Streptococcal pharyngitis'''<ref name="pmid11172144">Bisno AL (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11172144 Acute pharyngitis.] ''N Engl J Med'' 344 (3):205-11. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11172144 11172144]</ref>
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==Chronic Carriers of Group A Streptococci==
==Chronic Carriers of Group A Streptococci==
Antimicrobial therapy is not indicated for majority of chronic carriers. A few conditions where antibiotics are recommended are:
Antimicrobial therapy is not indicated for majority of chronic carriers. A few conditions where antibiotics are recommended are:
#An outbreak of [[rheumatic fever]], acute [[poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis]] or invasive GAS infection .
#An outbreak of [[rheumatic fever]], acute [[poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis]] or invasive GAS infection
#Closed community outbreak of GAS pharyngitis.
#Closed community outbreak of GAS pharyngitis
#Family history of acute rheumatic fever.
#Family history of [[acute rheumatic fever]]
#Excessive anxiety about rheumatic fever
#Excessive anxiety about [[rheumatic fever]]
#If tonsillectomy in considered because of carriage.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Infectious Disease Project]]

Revision as of 14:57, 28 February 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [2], Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

The majority of cases of pharyngitis are self-limited and only require symptomatic therapy. Accurate diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis followed by appropriate antimicrobial therapy is important for the prevention of acute rheumatic fever, for the prevention of suppurative complications (e.g, peritonsillar abscess, cervical lymphadenitis, mastoiditis, and, possibly, other invasive infections), to improve clinical symptoms and signs, for the rapid decrease in contagiousness, for the reduction in transmission of GAS to family members, classmates, and other close contacts of the patient to allow for the rapid resumption of usual activities; and for the minimization of potential adverse effects of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy.[1]

Medical Therapy

  • Acute pharyngitis should be treated according to the etiologic agent.
  • As viral infections are the most common causes of pharyngitis in children, most patients do not require treatment and only need supportive care.[2]
  • Bacterial pharyngitis is common among young children and adolescents. Group A streptococcal pharyngitis is the only common form of the disease for which antimicrobial therapy is definitely indicated. Therefore, when a clinician evaluates a patient with acute sore throat, the most important clinical task is to decide whether or not the patient has “strep throat.”[3]

Algorithm of Medical therapy for Pharyngitis

Other Treatment Regimen

Supportive Therapies Systemic Therapy Antimicrobial Regimens

Topical therapy

  • Oral rinses were more effective in treating conditions affecting oral cavity and base of the tongue whereas sprays were more effective in coating the posterior pharynx and hence they were used to treat posterior pharynx conditions.[4]

Oral rinses

  • Salt water gargles do not demonstrate any benefit in relieving throat pain. There are minimal side effects associated with these oral rinses.
  • Lidocaine, Diphenhydramine and Maalox (Aluminium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone) have shown to be helpful. This combination can be used to treat Coxsackie A or B infection or herpes simplex. Avoid using the lidocaine over its recommended use.[5][6]
  • Benzydamine hydrochloride rinses have shown to be help reduce the pain in a few cases. However, they are used more frequently to treat radiation mucositis.[7][8]

Sprays

  • Topical anesthetic sprays have been used in the past to treat pharyngitis, however their effect is not significant. They may also cause a few allergic reactions and side effects, such as methemoglobinemia, and should not be used in children.
  • Chlorhexidine / benzydamine sprays are more effective in alleviating symptoms of acute viral pharyngitis and group A streptococcal pharyngitis.[9][10]

Lozenges

  • Medical throat lozenges help reducing the duration of symptoms and also provide with some symptomatic relief. They are not recommended for children, as there is a risk of choking. Lozenges containing antisepotics, menthol, anesthetics, and anti-inflammatory agents have been used.[3][11]

Analgesics

  • Analgesics are prescribed for moderate to severe pain. Acetaminophen, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have shown to decrease pain symptoms. They may also help in reducing fever and inflammation.[12][13] Aspirin should be avoided in children as it may cause Reye's syndrome. For severe pain, codeine may be added to the NSAID.

Glucocorticoids

  • Glucocorticoids may alleviate pain, and may also be beneficial in patients of Group A streptococcal pharyngitis. No benefits were obtained by adding single dose glucocorticoid to antimicrobial therapy in children.[14][15][16] Because there are safer and more effective alternatives than glucocorticoids for pain relief associated with fewer side effects, they not recommended for symptomatic relief of throat pain.

Streptococcal pharyngitis[3]

  • Preferred regimen (children): Penicillin V 250 mg PO bid-tid for 10 days
  • Preferred regimen (adolescents and adults): Penicillin V 250 mg PO qid OR 500 mg PO bid for 10 days
  • Alternative regimen (1): Amoxicillin 50 mg/kg PO qd for 10 days (maximum dose 1 g/day) OR 25 mg/kg bid for 10 days (maximum dose 500 mg/day)
  • Alternative regimen (2): Benzathine Penicillin G 0.6 MU (<27 kg)/ 1.2 MU (≥27 kg) IM single dose
  • Alternative regimen (3): Cephalexin 20 mg/kg PO bid for 10 days (maximum 500 mg/dose)
  • Alternative regimen (4): Cefadroxil 30 mg/kg PO qd for 10 days (maximum dose 1 g/day)
  • Alternative regimen (5): Clindamycin 7 mg/kg PO tid for 10 days (maximum 300 mg/dose)
  • Alternative regimen (6): Clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg PO bid for 10 days (maximum 250 mg/dose)

Other bacterial pharyngitis

  • Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Erythromycin is the preferred drug.[3]
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae: If uncomplicated[3]
    • single dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone (125 mg) or a single dose of an oral quinolone (ciprofloxacin, 500 mg, or ofloxacin, 400 mg) +
    • single dose of azithromycin (1 g) or doxycycline (100 mg) twice daily for seven days for possible chlamydial coinfection at genital sites.
    • Doxycycline and ofloxacin should not be prescribed for pregnant women.

Chronic Carriers of Group A Streptococci

Antimicrobial therapy is not indicated for majority of chronic carriers. A few conditions where antibiotics are recommended are:

  1. An outbreak of rheumatic fever, acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis or invasive GAS infection
  2. Closed community outbreak of GAS pharyngitis
  3. Family history of acute rheumatic fever
  4. Excessive anxiety about rheumatic fever

References

  1. ↑ Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G et al. (2012) Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 55 (10):1279-82. DOI:10.1093/cid/cis847 PMID: 23091044
  2. ↑ Bisno AL (1996) Acute pharyngitis: etiology and diagnosis. Pediatrics 97 (6 Pt 2):949-54. PMID: 8637780
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Bisno AL (2001) Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med 344 (3):205-11. DOI:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308 PMID: 11172144
  4. ↑ Patel SK, Ghufoor K, Jayaraj SM, McPartlin DW, Philpott J (1999) Pictorial assessment of the delivery of oropharyngeal rinse versus oropharyngeal spray. J Laryngol Otol 113 (12):1092-4. PMID: 10767923
  5. ↑ Hess GP, Walson PD (1988) Seizures secondary to oral viscous lidocaine. Ann Emerg Med 17 (7):725-7. PMID: 3382075
  6. ↑ Gonzalez del Rey J, Wason S, Druckenbrod RW (1994) Lidocaine overdose: another preventable case? Pediatr Emerg Care 10 (6):344-6. PMID: 7899121
  7. ↑ Turnbull RS (1995) Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions. J Can Dent Assoc 61 (2):127-34. PMID: 7600413
  8. ↑ Passàli D, Volonté M, Passàli GC, Damiani V, Bellussi L, MISTRAL Italian Study Group (2001) Efficacy and safety of ketoprofen lysine salt mouthwash versus benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash in acute pharyngeal inflammation: a randomized, single-blind study. Clin Ther 23 (9):1508-18. PMID: 11589263
  9. ↑ Cingi C, Songu M, Ural A, Erdogmus N, Yildirim M, Cakli H et al. (2011) Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate and benzydamine hydrochloride mouth spray on clinical signs and quality of life of patients with streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis: multicentre, prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Laryngol Otol 125 (6):620-5. DOI:10.1017/S0022215111000065 PMID: 21310101
  10. ↑ Cingi C, Songu M, Ural A, Yildirim M, Erdogmus N, Bal C (2010) Effects of chlorhexidine/benzydamine mouth spray on pain and quality of life in acute viral pharyngitis: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Ear Nose Throat J 89 (11):546-9. PMID: 21086279
  11. ↑ Watson N, Nimmo WS, Christian J, Charlesworth A, Speight J, Miller K (2000) Relief of sore throat with the anti-inflammatory throat lozenge flurbiprofen 8.75 mg: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Int J Clin Pract 54 (8):490-6. PMID: 11198725
  12. ↑ Thomas M, Del Mar C, Glasziou P (2000) How effective are treatments other than antibiotics for acute sore throat? Br J Gen Pract 50 (459):817-20. PMID: 11127175
  13. ↑ Gehanno P, Dreiser RL, Ionescu E, Gold M, Liu JM (2003) Lowest effective single dose of diclofenac for antipyretic and analgesic effects in acute febrile sore throat. Clin Drug Investig 23 (4):263-71. PMID: 17535039
  14. ↑ Olympia RP, Khine H, Avner JR (2005) Effectiveness of oral dexamethasone in the treatment of moderate to severe pharyngitis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159 (3):278-82. DOI:10.1001/archpedi.159.3.278 PMID: 15753273
  15. ↑ O'Brien JF, Meade JL, Falk JL (1993) Dexamethasone as adjuvant therapy for severe acute pharyngitis. Ann Emerg Med 22 (2):212-5. PMID: 8427434
  16. ↑ Bulloch B, Kabani A, Tenenbein M (2003) Oral dexamethasone for the treatment of pain in children with acute pharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 41 (5):601-8. DOI:10.1067/mem.2003.136 PMID: 12712025
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