Rhinitis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
'''Clinically relevant anatomy and physiology''' | '''Clinically relevant anatomy and physiology'''<ref name="pmid11516776">{{cite journal| author=Jones N| title=The nose and paranasal sinuses physiology and anatomy. | journal=Adv Drug Deliv Rev | year= 2001 | volume= 51 | issue= 1-3 | pages= 5-19 | pmid=11516776 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11516776 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10565476">{{cite journal| author=Watelet JB, Van Cauwenberge P| title=Applied anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. | journal=Allergy | year= 1999 | volume= 54 Suppl 57 | issue= | pages= 14-25 | pmid=10565476 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10565476 }} </ref> | ||
Diagram | |||
The human nose is both a respiratory and an olfactory organ. The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum, and it extends from the vestibule to the nasopharynx. The nasal cavity is generally divided into three parts namely: | |||
*The vestibule-the area which surrounds the external opening to the nasal cavity(highlighted in the diagram as purple). | |||
*The olfactory region-located at the apex of the nasal cavity. It consists of the superior turbinate/concha, and it is lined by olfactory cells. | |||
*The respiratory region-the largest part of the nasal cavity, lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells(about 80% of these cells are ciliated). Interspersed within the epithelium are mucus-secreting goblet cells which are necessary for the maintenance of mucociliary clearance. Factors such as dryness and temperature significantly affect the ciliary function of epithelial cells. Ciliary action stops after 8-10mins at 50% relative humidity of inspired air, and after 3-5mins at 30% relative humidity of inspired air. Ciliary activity ceases at temperatures between 7-12C. Other factors that significantly impair ciliary function are factors such as environmental exposure to large amounts of wood dust and chromium vapors,tobacco smoke, inhaled gases, locally applied drugs. infection, etc. | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Pathophysiology
Clinically relevant anatomy and physiology[1][2]
Diagram
The human nose is both a respiratory and an olfactory organ. The nasal cavity is divided into right and left halves by the nasal septum, and it extends from the vestibule to the nasopharynx. The nasal cavity is generally divided into three parts namely:
- The vestibule-the area which surrounds the external opening to the nasal cavity(highlighted in the diagram as purple).
- The olfactory region-located at the apex of the nasal cavity. It consists of the superior turbinate/concha, and it is lined by olfactory cells.
- The respiratory region-the largest part of the nasal cavity, lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells(about 80% of these cells are ciliated). Interspersed within the epithelium are mucus-secreting goblet cells which are necessary for the maintenance of mucociliary clearance. Factors such as dryness and temperature significantly affect the ciliary function of epithelial cells. Ciliary action stops after 8-10mins at 50% relative humidity of inspired air, and after 3-5mins at 30% relative humidity of inspired air. Ciliary activity ceases at temperatures between 7-12C. Other factors that significantly impair ciliary function are factors such as environmental exposure to large amounts of wood dust and chromium vapors,tobacco smoke, inhaled gases, locally applied drugs. infection, etc.
- ↑ Jones N (2001). "The nose and paranasal sinuses physiology and anatomy". Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 51 (1–3): 5–19. PMID 11516776.
- ↑ Watelet JB, Van Cauwenberge P (1999). "Applied anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses". Allergy. 54 Suppl 57: 14–25. PMID 10565476.