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Rhinitis is a very frequent and highly prevalent global disease, and it is one of the most common conditions presenting for medical care in developed countries.<ref name="Diseases of the Sinuses">{{cite book |last1=Romeo |first1=Jonathan |last2=Dykewicz |first2=Mark |title=Diseases of the Sinuses |publisher=Springer New York |date=2014 |pages=133-152 |chapter=Chapter 9:Differential Diagnosis of Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis |isbn=978-1-4939-0265-1}}</ref> | Rhinitis is a very frequent and highly prevalent global disease, and it is one of the most common conditions presenting for medical care in developed countries.<ref name="Diseases of the Sinuses">{{cite book |last1=Romeo |first1=Jonathan |last2=Dykewicz |first2=Mark |title=Diseases of the Sinuses |publisher=Springer New York |date=2014 |pages=133-152 |chapter=Chapter 9:Differential Diagnosis of Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis |isbn=978-1-4939-0265-1}}</ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
Rhinitis is a | '''Prevalence''' | ||
There is sometimes an overlap between allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, referred to as "mixed rhinitis", and this has been estimated to affect about 26 million individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid17153005" | |||
Rhinitis is a highly prevalent disease with significant financial impact on the society.<ref name="pmid18662584">{{cite journal| author=Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA et al.| title=The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2008 | volume= 122 | issue= 2 Suppl | pages= S1-84 | pmid=18662584 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18662584 }} </ref> Chronic rhinitis is one of the commonest problems seen by physicians.<ref name="Diseases of the Sinuses">{{cite book |last1=Romeo |first1=Jonathan |last2=Dykewicz |first2=Mark |title=Diseases of the Sinuses |publisher=Springer New York |date=2014 |pages=133-152 |chapter=Chapter 9:Differential Diagnosis of Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis |isbn=978-1-4939-0265-1}}</ref> Allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect one in every six Americans, and it is the fifth most chronic disease in the U.S.<ref name="pmid25645524">{{cite journal| author=Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, Bonner JR et al.| title=Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis executive summary. | journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 197-206 | pmid=25645524 | doi=10.1177/0194599814562166 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25645524 }} </ref> Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic disease in the pediatric age group in the U.S,<ref name="pmid25645524" /> and it was the most common diagnosis reported in the 2000 Otolaryngology Workforce study.<ref name="pmid25182349">{{cite journal| author=Mims JW| title=Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis. | journal=Int Forum Allergy Rhinol | year= 2014 | volume= 4 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S18-20 | pmid=25182349 | doi=10.1002/alr.21385 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25182349 }} </ref> The estimated prevalence of allergic rhinitis ranges from 9-42%.<ref name="pmid17153005">{{cite journal| author=Settipane RA, Charnock DR| title=Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic. | journal=Clin Allergy Immunol | year= 2007 | volume= 19 | issue= | pages= 23-34 | pmid=17153005 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17153005 }} </ref> Annually, between 30-60 million people in the U.S suffer from allergic rhinitis, 10-30% of these individuals are adults, and up to 40% are children.<ref name="Diseases of the Sinuses" /> The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has been found to be increasing in countries worldwide, and factors such as increased airborne pollution, a rise in the population of dust mite in inadequately ventilated offices/homes with central heating/air conditioning, and sedentary lifestyles, have been suggested to contribute to the rise in its prevalence.<ref name="pmid15025839">{{cite journal| author=Schoenwetter WF, Dupclay L, Appajosyula S, Botteman MF, Pashos CL| title=Economic impact and quality-of-life burden of allergic rhinitis. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2004 | volume= 20 | issue= 3 | pages= 305-17 | pmid=15025839 | doi=10.1185/030079903125003053 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15025839 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18331513">{{cite journal| author=Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A et al.| title=Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen). | journal=Allergy | year= 2008 | volume= 63 Suppl 86 | issue= | pages= 8-160 | pmid=18331513 | doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18331513 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22092947">{{cite journal| author=Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A et al.| title=Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-207 | pmid=22092947 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092947 }} </ref> The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has significantly increased during the past 50 years, with over 50% of adolecents in some countries reporting symptoms of allergic rhinitis.<ref name="pmid18331513" /> The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was noticed to have doubled in several countries over the last two decades in studies done in children between the ages 6-14years around the globe.<ref name="pmid22092947">{{cite journal| author=Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A et al.| title=Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-207 | pmid=22092947 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092947 }} </ref> A study on the prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world (several countries in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Australia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Middle East and Turkey), showed wide inter-regional and intra-regional variations in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, ranging from 2.9% to 54.1%.<ref name="pmid22092947">{{cite journal| author=Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A et al.| title=Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America. | journal=Clin Exp Allergy | year= 2012 | volume= 42 | issue= 2 | pages= 186-207 | pmid=22092947 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22092947 }} </ref> Nonallergic rhinitis is also very common, and it has been estimated to affect about 19 million people in the U.S.<ref name="pmid17153005" /> | |||
'''Age''' | |||
Rhinitis affects all age groups. Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic allergic disease in children, with symptoms developing in one of five children by 2-3 years of age. Up to 40% of of children have symptoms of allergic rhinitis by the age of six. The onset of nonallergic (non-infectious) rhinitis is often after the age of 20 years. Primary atrophic rhinitis is more commonly seen in young to middle-aged adults. | |||
'''Sex''' | |||
* Allergic appears to be more common in boys during childhood | |||
* Nonallergic (non-infectious) rhinitis is predominantly seen in females.<ref name="pmid17153005">{{cite journal| author=Settipane RA, Charnock DR| title=Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic. | journal=Clin Allergy Immunol | year= 2007 | volume= 19 | issue= | pages= 23-34 | pmid=17153005 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17153005 }} </ref> | |||
'''Geographical Distribution''' | |||
Rhinitis is a global disease with wide inter-regional and intra-regional variations in its prevalence. Primary atrophic rhinitis is more prevalent in developing countries with warm climates. | |||
There is sometimes an overlap between allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, referred to as "mixed rhinitis", and this has been estimated to affect about 26 million individuals in the United States.<ref name="pmid17153005" /> The overall prevalence of occupational rhinitis is unknown but it has been estimated to affect between 23-50% of bakers in Norway.<ref name="pmid25430949">{{cite journal| author=Stevens WW, Grammer LC| title=Occupational rhinitis: an update. | journal=Curr Allergy Asthma Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= 1 | pages= 487 | pmid=25430949 | doi=10.1007/s11882-014-0487-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25430949 }} </ref> Primary atrophic rhinitis is more prevalent in developing countries with warm climates, and it is seen more commonly in young to middle-aged adults.<ref name="pmid20176255">{{cite journal| author=Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL| title=Rhinitis and sinusitis. | journal=J Allergy Clin Immunol | year= 2010 | volume= 125 | issue= 2 Suppl 2 | pages= S103-15 | pmid=20176255 | doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20176255 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Rhinitis is a very frequent and highly prevalent global disease, and it is one of the most common conditions presenting for medical care in developed countries.[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
Rhinitis is a highly prevalent disease with significant financial impact on the society.[2] Chronic rhinitis is one of the commonest problems seen by physicians.[1] Allergic rhinitis is estimated to affect one in every six Americans, and it is the fifth most chronic disease in the U.S.[3] Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic disease in the pediatric age group in the U.S,[3] and it was the most common diagnosis reported in the 2000 Otolaryngology Workforce study.[4] The estimated prevalence of allergic rhinitis ranges from 9-42%.[5] Annually, between 30-60 million people in the U.S suffer from allergic rhinitis, 10-30% of these individuals are adults, and up to 40% are children.[1] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has been found to be increasing in countries worldwide, and factors such as increased airborne pollution, a rise in the population of dust mite in inadequately ventilated offices/homes with central heating/air conditioning, and sedentary lifestyles, have been suggested to contribute to the rise in its prevalence.[6][7][8] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis has significantly increased during the past 50 years, with over 50% of adolecents in some countries reporting symptoms of allergic rhinitis.[7] The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was noticed to have doubled in several countries over the last two decades in studies done in children between the ages 6-14years around the globe.[8] A study on the prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world (several countries in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, Australia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Middle East and Turkey), showed wide inter-regional and intra-regional variations in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis, ranging from 2.9% to 54.1%.[8] Nonallergic rhinitis is also very common, and it has been estimated to affect about 19 million people in the U.S.[5]
Age
Rhinitis affects all age groups. Allergic rhinitis is the most common chronic allergic disease in children, with symptoms developing in one of five children by 2-3 years of age. Up to 40% of of children have symptoms of allergic rhinitis by the age of six. The onset of nonallergic (non-infectious) rhinitis is often after the age of 20 years. Primary atrophic rhinitis is more commonly seen in young to middle-aged adults.
Sex
- Allergic appears to be more common in boys during childhood
- Nonallergic (non-infectious) rhinitis is predominantly seen in females.[5]
Geographical Distribution
Rhinitis is a global disease with wide inter-regional and intra-regional variations in its prevalence. Primary atrophic rhinitis is more prevalent in developing countries with warm climates.
There is sometimes an overlap between allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, referred to as "mixed rhinitis", and this has been estimated to affect about 26 million individuals in the United States.[5] The overall prevalence of occupational rhinitis is unknown but it has been estimated to affect between 23-50% of bakers in Norway.[9] Primary atrophic rhinitis is more prevalent in developing countries with warm climates, and it is seen more commonly in young to middle-aged adults.[10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Romeo, Jonathan; Dykewicz, Mark (2014). "Chapter 9:Differential Diagnosis of Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis". Diseases of the Sinuses. Springer New York. pp. 133–152. ISBN 978-1-4939-0265-1.
- ↑ Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA; et al. (2008). "The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122 (2 Suppl): S1–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003. PMID 18662584.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Seidman MD, Gurgel RK, Lin SY, Schwartz SR, Baroody FM, Bonner JR; et al. (2015). "Clinical practice guideline: allergic rhinitis executive summary". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1177/0194599814562166. PMID 25645524.
- ↑ Mims JW (2014). "Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis". Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 4 Suppl 2: S18–20. doi:10.1002/alr.21385. PMID 25182349.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Settipane RA, Charnock DR (2007). "Epidemiology of rhinitis: allergic and nonallergic". Clin Allergy Immunol. 19: 23–34. PMID 17153005.
- ↑ Schoenwetter WF, Dupclay L, Appajosyula S, Botteman MF, Pashos CL (2004). "Economic impact and quality-of-life burden of allergic rhinitis". Curr Med Res Opin. 20 (3): 305–17. doi:10.1185/030079903125003053. PMID 15025839.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bousquet J, Khaltaev N, Cruz AA, Denburg J, Fokkens WJ, Togias A; et al. (2008). "Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen)". Allergy. 63 Suppl 86: 8–160. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01620.x. PMID 18331513.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Katelaris CH, Lee BW, Potter PC, Maspero JF, Cingi C, Lopatin A; et al. (2012). "Prevalence and diversity of allergic rhinitis in regions of the world beyond Europe and North America". Clin Exp Allergy. 42 (2): 186–207. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03891.x. PMID 22092947.
- ↑ Stevens WW, Grammer LC (2015). "Occupational rhinitis: an update". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 15 (1): 487. doi:10.1007/s11882-014-0487-8. PMID 25430949.
- ↑ Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL (2010). "Rhinitis and sinusitis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S103–15. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.12.989. PMID 20176255.