Septic arthritis laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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* Synovial fluid glucose level < 40 mg/dl and increased lactate level may represent septic arthritis, but these parameters are very less sensitive.<ref name="pmid485744">Sharp JT, Lidsky MD, Duffy J, Duncan MW (1979) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=485744 Infectious arthritis.] ''Arch Intern Med'' 139 (10):1125-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/485744 485744]</ref><ref name="pmid2198352">Shmerling RH, Delbanco TL, Tosteson AN, Trentham DE (1990) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2198352 Synovial fluid tests. What should be ordered?] ''JAMA'' 264 (8):1009-14. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/2198352 2198352]</ref> | * Synovial fluid glucose level < 40 mg/dl and increased lactate level may represent septic arthritis, but these parameters are very less sensitive.<ref name="pmid485744">Sharp JT, Lidsky MD, Duffy J, Duncan MW (1979) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=485744 Infectious arthritis.] ''Arch Intern Med'' 139 (10):1125-30. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/485744 485744]</ref><ref name="pmid2198352">Shmerling RH, Delbanco TL, Tosteson AN, Trentham DE (1990) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2198352 Synovial fluid tests. What should be ordered?] ''JAMA'' 264 (8):1009-14. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/2198352 2198352]</ref> | ||
* Presence of crystals may not exclude septic arthritis, as the coexistant infection might be possible along with crystalline disease.<ref name="pmid2198352">Shmerling RH, Delbanco TL, Tosteson AN, Trentham DE (1990) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2198352 Synovial fluid tests. What should be ordered?] ''JAMA'' 264 (8):1009-14. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/2198352 2198352]</ref><ref name="pmid3735282">Baer PA, Tenenbaum J, Fam AG, Little H (1986) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3735282 Coexistent septic and crystal arthritis. Report of four cases and literature review.] ''J Rheumatol'' 13 (3):604-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/3735282 3735282]</ref> | * Presence of crystals may not exclude septic arthritis, as the coexistant infection might be possible along with crystalline disease.<ref name="pmid2198352">Shmerling RH, Delbanco TL, Tosteson AN, Trentham DE (1990) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2198352 Synovial fluid tests. What should be ordered?] ''JAMA'' 264 (8):1009-14. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/2198352 2198352]</ref><ref name="pmid3735282">Baer PA, Tenenbaum J, Fam AG, Little H (1986) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3735282 Coexistent septic and crystal arthritis. Report of four cases and literature review.] ''J Rheumatol'' 13 (3):604-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/3735282 3735282]</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Jumana Nagarwala, M.D., Senior Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]Venkata Sivakrishna Kumar Pulivarthi M.B.B.S [3]
Overview
Laboratory Findings
Serum markers
Serum markers such as peripheral white cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation ratio, C-reactive protein are useful to determine infectious or inflammatory response and also useful to monitor therapeutic response. Absence of raise in these parameters may not be good correlate for the diagnosis of septic arthritis, as these tests are neither sensitive nor specific.[1]
- Peripheral WBC count: Peripheral WBC count increases in septic arthritis, especially in children where as in adults it varies with severity.[2] It is not sensitive or specific to diagnose septic arthritis.
- Erythrocyte sedimentation ratio: Patients with septic arthritis may have ESR > 30 mm/hr, but normal ESR may not ruleout septic arthritis.[1]
- C- reactive protein: Elevated CRP of > 100 mg/L increased the likelihood of septic arthritis slightly.[3]
Synovial Fluid Analysis
Diagnosis of septic arthritis mainly depends on arthrocentesis and isolation of the pathogen from aspirated joint fluid.[4] Clinical suspicion of joint sepsis should prompt for immediate synovial fluid aspiration. Septic arthritis should not be excluded even though the patient have low fever and normal WBC. The definitive diagnosis of septic arthritis requires identification of bacteria in the synovial fluid by Gram’s stain or by culture.[5] If synovial fluid cannot be obtained with closed needle aspiration, the joint should be aspirated again with imaging guidance such as ultrasound guidance, computed tomography or fluoroscopic guidance.[5] Synovial fluid analysis include:
- Synovial WBC count with differential
- Crystal analysis
- Gram stain
- Culture and sensitivity
Normal synovial fluid appears as clear, transparent, thick in viscosity with WBC count less than 200 mm3 and < 25% of PMN, where as in septic arthritis and other arthritis synovial fluid analysis will be as follows:[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
| Type of
Arthritis |
Color | Transparency | Viscosity | WBC count
(per mm3) |
PMN
cellcount (%) |
Gram stain | Gram Culture | polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) test |
Crystals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Clear | Transparent | High/thick | < 200 | < 25 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
| Gonococcal arthritis | Yellow | Cloudy-opaque | Low | 34,000 to 68,000 | > 75 | Variable (< 50 percent) | Positive (25 to 70 percent) | Positive (> 75 percent) | Negative |
| Non-gonococcal arthritis | Yellowish-green | Opaque | Very low | > 50,000 (> 100,000 is
more specific) |
> 75 | Positive (60 to
80 percent) |
Positive (> 90 percent) | -- | Negative |
| Inflammatory:
crystalline arthritis (e.g.Gout, Pseudo gout) |
Yellow | Cloudy | Low/thin | 2,000 to 100,000 | > 50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Positive |
| Inflammatory:
non-crystalline arthritis (e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis, reactive arthritis) |
Yellow | Cloudy | Low/thin | 2,000 to 100,000 | > 50 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
| Noninflammatory arthritis
(e.g. Osteoarthritis) |
Straw | Translucent | High/thick | 200 to 2,000 | < 25 | Negative | Negative | Negative | Negative |
| Lyme arthritis | Yellow | Cloudy | Low | 3,000 to 100,000
(mean: 25,000) |
> 50 | Negative | Negative | Positive (85 percent) | Negative |
- Synovial fluid glucose level < 40 mg/dl and increased lactate level may represent septic arthritis, but these parameters are very less sensitive.[14][8]
- Presence of crystals may not exclude septic arthritis, as the coexistant infection might be possible along with crystalline disease.[8][15]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gupta MN, Sturrock RD, Field M (2001) A prospective 2-year study of 75 patients with adult-onset septic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 40 (1):24-30. PMID: 11157138
- ↑ Jeng GW, Wang CR, Liu ST, Su CC, Tsai RT, Yeh TS et al. (1997) Measurement of synovial tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diagnosing emergency patients with bacterial arthritis. Am J Emerg Med 15 (7):626-9. PMID: 9375540
- ↑ Söderquist B, Jones I, Fredlund H, Vikerfors T (1998) Bacterial or crystal-associated arthritis? Discriminating ability of serum inflammatory markers. Scand J Infect Dis 30 (6):591-6. PMID: 10225388
- ↑ Bayer AS (1980) Gonococcal arthritis syndromes: an update on diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med 67 (3):200-4, 207-8. PMID: 7355135
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Goldenberg DL (1998) Septic arthritis. Lancet 351 (9097):197-202. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09522-6 PMID: 9449882
- ↑ Goldenberg DL, Reed JI (1985) Bacterial arthritis. N Engl J Med 312 (12):764-71. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198503213121206 PMID: 3883171
- ↑ O'Brien JP, Goldenberg DL, Rice PA (1983) Disseminated gonococcal infection: a prospective analysis of 49 patients and a review of pathophysiology and immune mechanisms. Medicine (Baltimore) 62 (6):395-406. PMID: 6415361
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Shmerling RH, Delbanco TL, Tosteson AN, Trentham DE (1990) Synovial fluid tests. What should be ordered? JAMA 264 (8):1009-14. PMID: 2198352
- ↑ Wise CM, Morris CR, Wasilauskas BL, Salzer WL (1994) Gonococcal arthritis in an era of increasing penicillin resistance. Presentations and outcomes in 41 recent cases (1985-1991). Arch Intern Med 154 (23):2690-5. PMID: 7993152
- ↑ Goldenberg DL (1995) Bacterial arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 7 (4):310-4. PMID: 7547108
- ↑ Mathews CJ, Kingsley G, Field M, Jones A, Weston VC, Phillips M et al. (2008) Management of septic arthritis: a systematic review. Postgrad Med J 84 (991):265-70. DOI:10.1136/ard.2006.058909 PMID: 18508984
- ↑ Jalava J, Skurnik M, Toivanen A, Toivanen P, Eerola E (2001) Bacterial PCR in the diagnosis of joint infection. Ann Rheum Dis 60 (3):287-9. PMID: 11171695
- ↑ Liebling MR, Arkfeld DG, Michelini GA, Nishio MJ, Eng BJ, Jin T et al. (1994) Identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in synovial fluid using the polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum 37 (5):702-9. PMID: 8185697
- ↑ Sharp JT, Lidsky MD, Duffy J, Duncan MW (1979) Infectious arthritis. Arch Intern Med 139 (10):1125-30. PMID: 485744
- ↑ Baer PA, Tenenbaum J, Fam AG, Little H (1986) Coexistent septic and crystal arthritis. Report of four cases and literature review. J Rheumatol 13 (3):604-7. PMID: 3735282