Sandbox:Cancer screening and primary care: Difference between revisions
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====Breast cancer screening relevance==== | ====Breast cancer screening relevance==== | ||
Studies have reported that, for women of all age groups with an average risk, ''breast screening'' was associated with a reduction in breast cancer mortality of approximately 20%, although there was an uncertainty in the quantitative estimates of outcomes for different breast cancer screening strategies in the United States.<ref name=" | Studies have reported that, for women of all age groups with an average risk, ''breast screening'' was associated with a reduction in breast cancer mortality of approximately 20%, although there was an uncertainty in the quantitative estimates of outcomes for different breast cancer screening strategies in the United States.<ref name="pmid2650153722">{{cite journal| author=Myers ER, Moorman P, Gierisch JM, Havrilesky LJ, Grimm LJ, Ghate S et al.| title=Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2015 | volume= 314 | issue= 15 | pages= 1615-34 | pmid=26501537 | doi=10.1001/jama.2015.13183 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26501537 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26974726 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 15;164(6):JC26]</ref> | ||
Please [[Breast cancer screening|click here]] to know more about ''[[breast cancer screening]]'' | '''Please''' [[Breast cancer screening|click here]] to know more about ''[[breast cancer screening]]'' | ||
===[[Colon cancer]]=== | ===[[Colon cancer]]=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
*Screening would be most appropriate among adults who 1) are healthy enough to undergo treatment if colorectal cancer is detected and 2) do not have comorbid conditions that would significantly limit their life expectancy. | *Screening would be most appropriate among adults who 1) are healthy enough to undergo treatment if colorectal cancer is detected and 2) do not have comorbid conditions that would significantly limit their life expectancy. | ||
|'''[[USPSTF guidelines classification scheme|C]]''' | |'''[[USPSTF guidelines classification scheme|C]]''' | ||
|} | |}'''Colon cancer screening relevance''' | ||
'''Colon cancer screening relevance''' | |||
Studies have reported, 40% to 60% lower risk of incident colorectal cancer and mortality from colorectal cancer after screening colonoscopy.<ref name=" | Studies have reported, 40% to 60% lower risk of incident colorectal cancer and mortality from colorectal cancer after screening colonoscopy.<ref name="pmid249227452">{{cite journal| author=Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M| title=Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. | journal=BMJ | year= 2014 | volume= 348 | issue= | pages= g2467 | pmid=24922745 | doi=10.1136/bmj.g2467 | pmc=3980789 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24922745 }}</ref> | ||
Please [[Colorectal cancer screening|click here]] to know more about [[Colorectal cancer screening|''Colon cancer screening'']]''.'' | '''Please''' [[Colorectal cancer screening|click here]] to know more about [[Colorectal cancer screening|''Colon cancer screening'']]''.'' | ||
===[[Cervical cancer]]=== | ===[[Cervical cancer]]=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 68: | Line 67: | ||
|}'''Cervical cancer screening relevance''' | |}'''Cervical cancer screening relevance''' | ||
Studies have reported, that in patients undergoing regular cervical cancer, approximately 70%-80% of cervical cancer deaths can be prevented. | Studies have reported, that in patients undergoing regular cervical cancer, approximately 70%-80% of cervical cancer deaths can be prevented.<ref name="pmid27632376">{{cite journal| author=Landy R, Pesola F, Castañón A, Sasieni P| title=Impact of cervical screening on cervical cancer mortality: estimation using stage-specific results from a nested case-control study. | journal=Br J Cancer | year= 2016 | volume= 115 | issue= 9 | pages= 1140-1146 | pmid=27632376 | doi=10.1038/bjc.2016.290 | pmc=5117785 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27632376 }}</ref> | ||
'''Please''' [[Cervical cancer screening|click here]] to know more about [[Cervical cancer screening|''Cervical cancer screening'']]''.'' | |||
=== [[Lung cancer]] === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="3" |United states preventive services task force recommendations for Lung cancer screening | |||
|- | |||
|'''Population''' | |||
|'''Recommendation''' | |||
|'''[[USPSTF guidelines classification scheme|Grade]]''' | |||
|- | |||
|Adults Aged 55-80, with a History of Smoking | |||
|The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in adults aged 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. | |||
|'''[[USPSTF guidelines classification scheme|B]]''' | |||
|} | |||
'''Lung caner screening relevance''' | |||
National lung screen trial (nlst) a randomized controlled trial, involving 50,000 participants as demonstrated a 20% relative lung cancer mortality benefit.<ref name="pmid21714641">{{cite journal| author=National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD et al.| title=Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2011 | volume= 365 | issue= 5 | pages= 395-409 | pmid=21714641 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1102873 | pmc=4356534 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21714641 }} [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22084353 Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Nov 15;155(10):JC5-06]</ref> | |||
Please [[Lung cancer screening|click here]] to know more about ''[[Lung cancer screening]].'' | |||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
The most common type of cancer, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers is breast cancer, with more than 249,000 new cases expected in the United States in 2016. The next most common cancers are lung cancer and prostate cancer. In United states, to qualify as a common cancer, the estimated annual incidence for 2016 had to be 40,000 cases or more. | |||
The following table gives the estimated numbers of new cases and deaths in Unites states for each common cancer type: <ref>American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2016. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2016</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="4" |American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2016 | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!Cancer Type | |||
!Estimated New Cases | |||
!Estimated Deaths | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|[[Breast cancer epidemiology and demographics|Breast]] | |||
|249,200 | |||
|40,890 | |||
|- | |||
|2 | |||
|[[Lung cancer epidemiology and demographics|Lung (Including Bronchus)]] | |||
|224,390 | |||
|158,080 | |||
|- | |||
|3 | |||
|[[Prostate cancer epidemiology and demographics|Prostate]] | |||
|180,890 | |||
|26,120 | |||
|- | |||
|4 | |||
|[[Colorectal cancer epidemiology and demographics|Colon and Rectal (Combined)]] | |||
|134,490 | |||
|49,190 | |||
|- | |||
|5 | |||
|[[Bladder cancer epidemiology and demographics|Bladder]] | |||
|76,960 | |||
|16,390 | |||
|- | |||
|6 | |||
|[[Melanoma epidemiology and demographics|Melanoma]] | |||
|76,380 | |||
|10,130 | |||
|- | |||
|7 | |||
|[[Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma]] | |||
|72,580 | |||
|20,150 | |||
|- | |||
|8 | |||
|[[Thyroid cancer|Thyroid]] | |||
|64,300 | |||
|1,980 | |||
|- | |||
|9 | |||
|[[Kidney Cancer|Kidney (Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis) Cancer]] | |||
|62,700 | |||
|14,240 | |||
|- | |||
|10 | |||
|[[Leukemia epidemiology and demographics|Leukemia (All Types)]] | |||
|60,140 | |||
|24,400 | |||
|- | |||
|11 | |||
|[[Endometrial cancer epidemiology and demographics|Endometrial]] | |||
|60,050 | |||
|10,470 | |||
|- | |||
|12 | |||
|[[Pancreatic cancer epidemiology and demographics|Pancreatic]] | |||
|53,070 | |||
|41,780 | |||
|} | |||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references />__NOTOC__ | <references />__NOTOC__ | ||
Revision as of 20:15, 1 February 2017
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Screening
Breast Cancer
| United states preventive services task force recommendations for Breast cancer screening | ||
|---|---|---|
| Population | Recommendation | Grade |
| Women, 40 Years and Older | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the additional benefits and harms of clinical breast examination (CBE) beyond screening mammography in women 40 years or older. | I |
| Women, Age 50-74 Years | The USPSTF recommends biennial screening mammography for women 50-74 years. | B |
| Women, Before the Age of 50 Years | The decision to start regular, biennial screening mammography before the age of 50 years should be an individual one and take patient context into account, including the patient's values regarding specific benefits and harms. | C |
| Women, 75 Years and Older | The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the benefits and harms of screening mammography in women 75 years and older. | I |
Breast cancer screening relevance
Studies have reported that, for women of all age groups with an average risk, breast screening was associated with a reduction in breast cancer mortality of approximately 20%, although there was an uncertainty in the quantitative estimates of outcomes for different breast cancer screening strategies in the United States.[1]
Please click here to know more about breast cancer screening
Colon cancer
| United states preventive services task force recommendations for Colon cancer screening | ||
|---|---|---|
| Population | Recommendation | Grade |
| Adults aged 50 to 75 years | The USPSTF recommends screening for colorectal cancer starting at age 50 years and continuing until age 75 years. | A |
| Adults aged 76 to 85 years | The decision to screen for colorectal cancer in adults aged 76 to 85 years should be an individual one, taking into account the patient’s overall health and prior screening history.
|
C |
Colon cancer screening relevance
Studies have reported, 40% to 60% lower risk of incident colorectal cancer and mortality from colorectal cancer after screening colonoscopy.[2]
Please click here to know more about Colon cancer screening.
Cervical cancer
| United states preventive services task force recommendations for Cervical cancer screening | ||
|---|---|---|
| Population | Recommendation | Grade |
| Women 21 to 65 (Pap Smear) or 30-65 (in combo with HPV testing) | The USPSTF recommends screening for cervical cancer in women age 21 to 65 years with cytology (Pap smear) every 3 years or, for women age 30 to 65 years who want to lengthen the screening interval, screening with a combination of cytology and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing every 5 years. | A |
Cervical cancer screening relevance
Studies have reported, that in patients undergoing regular cervical cancer, approximately 70%-80% of cervical cancer deaths can be prevented.[3]
Please click here to know more about Cervical cancer screening.
Lung cancer
| United states preventive services task force recommendations for Lung cancer screening | ||
|---|---|---|
| Population | Recommendation | Grade |
| Adults Aged 55-80, with a History of Smoking | The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in adults aged 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. | B |
Lung caner screening relevance
National lung screen trial (nlst) a randomized controlled trial, involving 50,000 participants as demonstrated a 20% relative lung cancer mortality benefit.[4]
Please click here to know more about Lung cancer screening.
Epidemiology
The most common type of cancer, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers is breast cancer, with more than 249,000 new cases expected in the United States in 2016. The next most common cancers are lung cancer and prostate cancer. In United states, to qualify as a common cancer, the estimated annual incidence for 2016 had to be 40,000 cases or more.
The following table gives the estimated numbers of new cases and deaths in Unites states for each common cancer type: [5]
| American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2016 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer Type | Estimated New Cases | Estimated Deaths | |
| 1 | Breast | 249,200 | 40,890 |
| 2 | Lung (Including Bronchus) | 224,390 | 158,080 |
| 3 | Prostate | 180,890 | 26,120 |
| 4 | Colon and Rectal (Combined) | 134,490 | 49,190 |
| 5 | Bladder | 76,960 | 16,390 |
| 6 | Melanoma | 76,380 | 10,130 |
| 7 | Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 72,580 | 20,150 |
| 8 | Thyroid | 64,300 | 1,980 |
| 9 | Kidney (Renal Cell and Renal Pelvis) Cancer | 62,700 | 14,240 |
| 10 | Leukemia (All Types) | 60,140 | 24,400 |
| 11 | Endometrial | 60,050 | 10,470 |
| 12 | Pancreatic | 53,070 | 41,780 |
Genetics
References
- ↑ Myers ER, Moorman P, Gierisch JM, Havrilesky LJ, Grimm LJ, Ghate S; et al. (2015). "Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review". JAMA. 314 (15): 1615–34. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.13183. PMID 26501537. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 15;164(6):JC26
- ↑ Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (2014). "Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies". BMJ. 348: g2467. doi:10.1136/bmj.g2467. PMC 3980789. PMID 24922745.
- ↑ Landy R, Pesola F, Castañón A, Sasieni P (2016). "Impact of cervical screening on cervical cancer mortality: estimation using stage-specific results from a nested case-control study". Br J Cancer. 115 (9): 1140–1146. doi:10.1038/bjc.2016.290. PMC 5117785. PMID 27632376.
- ↑ National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD; et al. (2011). "Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening". N Engl J Med. 365 (5): 395–409. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1102873. PMC 4356534. PMID 21714641. Review in: Ann Intern Med. 2011 Nov 15;155(10):JC5-06
- ↑ American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures 2016. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2016