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*Advancements regarding the treatment of bacterial meningitis was given by Georg Joachmann in Germany and Simon Flexnor in USA in 18th and 19th century respectively
*Advancements regarding the treatment of bacterial meningitis was given by Georg Joachmann in Germany and Simon Flexnor in USA in 18th and 19th century respectively
*Some specific historical feature usually surround the outbreak of raare causes of fungal meningitis. For example, outbreaks of fungal meningitis in 2002 with Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis and more recently in 2012 with Exserohilum rostratum were associated with contamination of compounded corticosteroids with resultant severe complications.<ref name="pmid12532960">{{cite journal| author=| title=From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Exophiala infection from contaminated injectable steroids prepared by a compounding pharmacy--United States, July-November 2002. | journal=JAMA | year= 2003 | volume= 289 | issue= 3 | pages= 291-3 | pmid=12532960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12532960  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23252499">{{cite journal| author=Smith RM, Schaefer MK, Kainer MA, Wise M, Finks J, Duwve J et al.| title=Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 369 | issue= 17 | pages= 1598-609 | pmid=23252499 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1213978 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23252499  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23465119">{{cite journal| author=Pettit AC, Pugh ME| title=Index case for the fungal meningitis outbreak, United States. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 368 | issue= 10 | pages= 970 | pmid=23465119 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc1300630 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23465119  }} </ref>
*Some specific historical feature usually surround the outbreak of raare causes of fungal meningitis. For example, outbreaks of fungal meningitis in 2002 with Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis and more recently in 2012 with Exserohilum rostratum were associated with contamination of compounded corticosteroids with resultant severe complications.<ref name="pmid12532960">{{cite journal| author=| title=From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Exophiala infection from contaminated injectable steroids prepared by a compounding pharmacy--United States, July-November 2002. | journal=JAMA | year= 2003 | volume= 289 | issue= 3 | pages= 291-3 | pmid=12532960 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12532960  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23252499">{{cite journal| author=Smith RM, Schaefer MK, Kainer MA, Wise M, Finks J, Duwve J et al.| title=Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 369 | issue= 17 | pages= 1598-609 | pmid=23252499 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1213978 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23252499  }} </ref><ref name="pmid23465119">{{cite journal| author=Pettit AC, Pugh ME| title=Index case for the fungal meningitis outbreak, United States. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 368 | issue= 10 | pages= 970 | pmid=23465119 | doi=10.1056/NEJMc1300630 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23465119  }} </ref>
 
*Between 1960s and 1970s, data from some United States hospitals showed an increase in the incidence of systemic fungal infections, including cryptococcosis.<ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref>
 
*The 1980s witnessed an increase in the number of cases of cryptococcus meningitis in the United States and certain African countries  largely due to HIV infection.
Between 1960s and 1970s, data from some United States hospitals showed an increase in the incidence of systemic fungal infections, including cryptococcosis.<ref name="pmid480580">{{cite journal| author=Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD| title=Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem. | journal=JAMA | year= 1979 | volume= 242 | issue= 15 | pages= 1631-5 | pmid=480580 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480580  }} </ref>
 
The 1980s witnessed an increase in the number of cases of cryptococcus meningitis in the United States and certain African countries  largely due to HIV infection.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:16, 6 February 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]

Overview

Historical perspective

The major advancements in the history of meningitis may be summarized as follows:[1] [2]

  • C. neoformans, an encapsulated basidiomycetous yeast, represents one of the most common CNS pathogens encountered in clinical practice today.
  • The first report of human cryptococcosis was published by Busse and Busckhe more than 100 years ago; 10 years later, it was identified as the cause of human meningitis.
  • In 1661, Thomas Willis first described the inflammation of meninges and an epidemic of meningitis.
  • In 1891, Heinrich Quincke provided an early analysis of CSF by introducing a new technique of lumbar puncture.
  • In early 19th century, detailed profile of CSF analysis in meningitis was explained by William Mestrezat, and H. Houston Merritt.
  • Advancements regarding the treatment of bacterial meningitis was given by Georg Joachmann in Germany and Simon Flexnor in USA in 18th and 19th century respectively
  • Some specific historical feature usually surround the outbreak of raare causes of fungal meningitis. For example, outbreaks of fungal meningitis in 2002 with Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis and more recently in 2012 with Exserohilum rostratum were associated with contamination of compounded corticosteroids with resultant severe complications.[3][4][5]
  • Between 1960s and 1970s, data from some United States hospitals showed an increase in the incidence of systemic fungal infections, including cryptococcosis.[6]
  • The 1980s witnessed an increase in the number of cases of cryptococcus meningitis in the United States and certain African countries largely due to HIV infection.

References

  1. ↑ Tyler KL (2010). "Chapter 28: a history of bacterial meningitis". Handb Clin Neurol. 95: 417–33. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02128-3. PMID 19892131.
  2. ↑ Fungal Meningitis, Infections of the Central Nervous System Author: Horan ; Perfect, Jennifer, John L. R. Identifier: ISBN: 978-1-4698-8366-3 Part VI chapter 40
  3. ↑ "From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Exophiala infection from contaminated injectable steroids prepared by a compounding pharmacy--United States, July-November 2002". JAMA. 289 (3): 291–3. 2003. PMID 12532960.
  4. ↑ Smith RM, Schaefer MK, Kainer MA, Wise M, Finks J, Duwve J; et al. (2013). "Fungal infections associated with contaminated methylprednisolone injections". N Engl J Med. 369 (17): 1598–609. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1213978. PMID 23252499.
  5. ↑ Pettit AC, Pugh ME (2013). "Index case for the fungal meningitis outbreak, United States". N Engl J Med. 368 (10): 970. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1300630. PMID 23465119.
  6. ↑ Fraser DW, Ward JI, Ajello L, Plikaytis BD (1979). "Aspergillosis and other systemic mycoses. The growing problem". JAMA. 242 (15): 1631–5. PMID 480580.

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