Pleural empyema causes: Difference between revisions
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
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*[[Actinomyces]] | *[[Actinomyces]] | ||
*[[mastoiditis|Acute mastoiditis]] | *[[mastoiditis|Acute mastoiditis]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:26, 10 January 2020
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Pleural empyema Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Pleural empyema causes On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2] Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [3]
Overview
Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common bacteria found in empyema before the development of antibiotics. More recently, however, anaerobes have become the predominant organism in culture positive empyema (and therefore careful anaerobic cultures should always be sent when working up parapneumonic effusions). Mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections are also common. In general any bacteria can cause an empyema, however different bacteria are associated with different rates of empyema formation.[1] Some of the common bacteria causes include; bacteroides, fusobacterium, haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcal infections, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, and TB.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of empyema, however complications resulting from untreated empyema is common.
Common Causes
The following are common causes of empyema:[1]
- Bacteroides
- Fusobacterium
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Pneumococcal infections
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- TB[2]
Less common causes
Less common causes of empyema include:
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Actinomyces
- Acute mastoiditis
- Anaerobic infection
- Bacterial meningitis
- Bacteroides
- Brain abscess
- Bronchiectasis
- Bronchogenic carcinoma
- Candida
- Capnocytophaga
- Chemical pleurodesis
- Cholecystitis
- Chronic granulomatous disease
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Diabetes
- Echinococcus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Esophageal rupture
- Fistula
- Foreign body
- Fusobacterium
- Gallbladder empyema
- Haemophilus influenzae
- HIV
- Immunocompromised
- Infection
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Lemierre's syndrome
- Liver abscess
- Lung abscess
- Lung transplantation
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycoplasma
- Mycoplasma hominis
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Nocardia
- Nocardiosis
- Odontogenic infection
- Orbital cellulitis
- Pasteurella multocida
- Pleural effusion
- Pneumonectomy
- Pneumonia
- Purulent pericarditis
- Rhodococcus equi
- Sinusitis
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcus
- Streptococcus anginosus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae infection
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Subdural empyema
- Talc pleurodesis
- Tularemia
- Tumor
- Typhoid fever
- Ulcer
- Yersinia
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brims FJ, Lansley SM, Waterer GW, Lee YC (2010). "Empyema thoracis: new insights into an old disease". Eur Respir Rev. 19 (117): 220–8. doi:10.1183/09059180.00005610. PMID 20956197.
- ↑ Gomes MM, Alves M, Correia JB, Santos L (2013). "Empyema necessitans: very late complication of pulmonary tuberculosis". BMJ Case Rep. 2013. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-202072. PMC 3863066. PMID 24326441.
- ↑ Atay S, Banki F, Floyd C (2016). "Empyema necessitans caused by actinomycosis: A case report". Int J Surg Case Rep. 23: 182–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2016.04.005. PMC 5022073. PMID 27180228.
- ↑ Yauba MS, Ahmed H, Imoudu IA, Yusuf MO, Makarfi HU (2015). "Empyema necessitans complicating pleural effusion associated with proteus species infection: a diagnostic dilemma". Case Rep Pediatr. 2015: 108174. doi:10.1155/2015/108174. PMC 4393920. PMID 25893125.