Osteomyelitis classification: Difference between revisions
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*Osteomyelitis may be classified according to symptom chronology into acute, sub-acute (further subdivided into the Glendhill and Robert et al. systems), and chronic | *Osteomyelitis may be classified according to symptom chronology into acute, sub-acute (further subdivided into the Glendhill and Robert et al. systems), and chronic | ||
*Lew and Waldvogel classified osteomyelitis according to the duration and mechanism of infection (traditional classification)<ref name="LewWaldvogel1997">{{cite journal|last1=Lew|first1=Daniel P.|last2=Waldvogel|first2=Francis A.|title=Osteomyelitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=336|issue=14|year=1997|pages=999–1007|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199704033361406}}</ref> | *Lew and Waldvogel classified osteomyelitis according to the duration and mechanism of infection (traditional classification)<ref name="LewWaldvogel1997">{{cite journal|last1=Lew|first1=Daniel P.|last2=Waldvogel|first2=Francis A.|title=Osteomyelitis|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=336|issue=14|year=1997|pages=999–1007|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJM199704033361406}}</ref> | ||
*Cierny and Mader classified osteomyelitis according to anatomy of [[bone]] infection and host [[physiology]]<ref name="MaderShirtliff1997">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Jon T.|last2=Shirtliff|first2=Mark|last3=Calhoun|first3=Jason H.|title=Staging and Staging Application in Osteomyelitis|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=6|year=1997|pages=1303–1309|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/516149}}</ref> | *Cierny and Mader classified osteomyelitis according to the anatomy of [[bone]] infection and host [[physiology]]<ref name="MaderShirtliff1997">{{cite journal|last1=Mader|first1=Jon T.|last2=Shirtliff|first2=Mark|last3=Calhoun|first3=Jason H.|title=Staging and Staging Application in Osteomyelitis|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=25|issue=6|year=1997|pages=1303–1309|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1086/516149}}</ref> | ||
:*The Cierny and Mader system offers a guide to treatment | :*The Cierny and Mader system offers a guide to treatment | ||
===Classification based on symptom chronology=== | ===Classification based on symptom chronology=== | ||
*'''Acute''': | *'''Acute osteomyelitis''': Osteomyelitis is classified as acute if the duration of the disease has been less than 2 weeks. | ||
*'''Sub-acute''': Sub-acute hematogenous osteomyelitis has a more insidious onset and lacks the severity of symptoms, which makes the diagnosis of this disorder difficult. Typically, diagnosis is delayed for more than 2 weeks. | *'''Sub-acute''': Sub-acute hematogenous osteomyelitis has a more insidious onset and lacks the severity of symptoms, which makes the diagnosis of this disorder difficult. Typically, diagnosis is delayed for more than 2 weeks. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nate Michalak, B.A., Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
There are many classification systems for osteomyelitis. In general, there are three major classification systems which include; classification according to the symptom chronology, Lew and Waldvogel classification, and Cierny and Mader classification. Osteomyelitis may be classified according to the symptom chronology into acute, sub-acute (further subdivided into the Glendhill and Robert et al. systems), and chronic. Chronic osteomyelitis may be subdivided into Lew and Waldvogel's classification system and Cierny and Mader's classification system. Osteomyelitis may be classified according to Lew and Waldvogel's system based on the duration and mechanism of infection into 3 subtypes which are; hematogenouos osteomyelitis, contiguous-focus osteomyelitis, and osteomyeltis secondary to vascular insufficiency. Osteomyelitis may be classified according to Cierny and Mader's classification system based on the anatomy of bone infection (4 stages) and host physiology (3 levels of compromise).
Classification
There are many classification systems for osteomyelitis:
- Osteomyelitis may be classified according to symptom chronology into acute, sub-acute (further subdivided into the Glendhill and Robert et al. systems), and chronic
- Lew and Waldvogel classified osteomyelitis according to the duration and mechanism of infection (traditional classification)[1]
- Cierny and Mader classified osteomyelitis according to the anatomy of bone infection and host physiology[2]
- The Cierny and Mader system offers a guide to treatment
Classification based on symptom chronology
- Acute osteomyelitis: Osteomyelitis is classified as acute if the duration of the disease has been less than 2 weeks.
- Sub-acute: Sub-acute hematogenous osteomyelitis has a more insidious onset and lacks the severity of symptoms, which makes the diagnosis of this disorder difficult. Typically, diagnosis is delayed for more than 2 weeks.
| Sub-acute osteomyelitis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TYPE | GLEDHILL CLASSIFICATION | ROBERT ET AL. CLASSIFICATION | ||
| I | Solitary localized zone of radiolucency surrounded by reactive new bone formation |
Ia—Punched-out radiolucency Ib—Punched-out radiolucent lesion with sclerotic margin | ||
| II | Metaphyseal radiolucencies with cortical erosion | -- | ||
| III | Cortical hyperostosis in diaphysis; no onion skin reaction | Localized cortical periosteal reaction | ||
| IV | Subperiosteal new bone and onion skin layering | Onion skin periosteal reaction | ||
| V | -- | Central radiolucency in epiphysis | ||
| VI | -- | Destructive process involving vertebral body | ||
- Chronic Ostemyelitis: Chronic osteomyelitis is defined as persistent pain, erythema, or swelling, sometimes in association with a draining sinus tract that mostly lasts for more than 4 weeks.
The following table describes the classification schemes for chronic osteomyelitis.
Lew and Waldvogel Etiologic System
| Mechanism of Infection | Description |
|---|---|
| Hematogenous Osteomyelitis | Osteomyelitis develops after bacteremia |
| Contiguous-focus Osteomyelitis | Direct inoculation of bone via trauma/fracture, surgery, prosthetic devices, or spread from soft tissue |
| Osteomyelitis Secondary to Vascular Insufficiency | Reduced blood supply, usually in diabetic patients |
Cierny and Mader Staging System
| Classification | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Anotomic Type | Stage 1 | Medullary osteomyeltitis: infection confined to the intramedullary bone surfaces |
| Stage 2 | Superficial osteomyelitis: true contiguous infection (bone surface undergoes necrosis at the base of a soft tissue wound) | |
| Stage 3 | Localized osteomyelitis: full-thickness, cortical sequestration | |
| Stage 4 | Diffuse osteomyelitis: through-and-through process requiring intercalary reconstruction of bone | |
| Physiological Class | A Host | Normal physiological, metabolic, and immunologic states |
| B Host | Local compromise, systemic compromise, or both | |
| C Host | Morbidity of treatment is worse than disease | |
References
- ↑ Lew, Daniel P.; Waldvogel, Francis A. (1997). "Osteomyelitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 336 (14): 999–1007. doi:10.1056/NEJM199704033361406. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Mader, Jon T.; Shirtliff, Mark; Calhoun, Jason H. (1997). "Staging and Staging Application in Osteomyelitis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 25 (6): 1303–1309. doi:10.1086/516149. ISSN 1058-4838.