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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
It was previously believed that non-bullous impetigo is caused by group A streptococci whereas ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' causes the bullous subtype of impetigo. Both bullous and non-bullous subtypes of impetigo are now understood to be primarily caused by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]].'' [[Streptococci]] have been associated with the non-bullous form and [[ecthyma]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA |title=Common bacterial skin infections |journal=American family physician |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=119-24 |year=2002 |pmid=12126026 |doi= |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020701/119.html}}</ref> <ref name="pmid22187567">{{cite journal| author=Kikuta H, Shibata M, Nakata S, Yamanaka T, Sakata H, Akizawa K et al.| title=Predominant Dissemination of PVL-Negative CC89 MRSA with SCCmec Type II in Children with Impetigo in Japan. | journal=Int J Pediatr | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 143872 | pmid=22187567 | doi=10.1155/2011/143872 | pmc=3236481 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22187567 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21430094">{{cite journal| author=Shi D, Higuchi W, Takano T, Saito K, Ozaki K, Takano M et al.| title=Bullous impetigo in children infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus: analysis of genetic characteristics, including assessment of exfoliative toxin gene carriage. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2011 | volume= 49 | issue= 5 | pages= 1972-4 | pmid=21430094 | doi=10.1128/JCM.01742-10 | pmc=3122639 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21430094 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24655406">{{cite journal| author=Jenney A, Holt D, Ritika R, Southwell P, Pravin S, Buadromo E et al.| title=The clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Fiji. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 160 | pmid=24655406 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-160 | pmc=3998116 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24655406 }} </ref> | It was previously believed that non-bullous impetigo is caused by group A streptococci whereas ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' causes the bullous subtype of impetigo. Both bullous and non-bullous subtypes of impetigo are now understood to be primarily caused by ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]].'' [[Streptococci]] have been associated with the non-bullous form and [[ecthyma]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |author=Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA |title=Common bacterial skin infections |journal=American family physician |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=119-24 |year=2002 |pmid=12126026 |doi= |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020701/119.html}}</ref><ref name="pmid22187567">{{cite journal| author=Kikuta H, Shibata M, Nakata S, Yamanaka T, Sakata H, Akizawa K et al.| title=Predominant Dissemination of PVL-Negative CC89 MRSA with SCCmec Type II in Children with Impetigo in Japan. | journal=Int J Pediatr | year= 2011 | volume= 2011 | issue= | pages= 143872 | pmid=22187567 | doi=10.1155/2011/143872 | pmc=3236481 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22187567 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21430094">{{cite journal| author=Shi D, Higuchi W, Takano T, Saito K, Ozaki K, Takano M et al.| title=Bullous impetigo in children infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus: analysis of genetic characteristics, including assessment of exfoliative toxin gene carriage. | journal=J Clin Microbiol | year= 2011 | volume= 49 | issue= 5 | pages= 1972-4 | pmid=21430094 | doi=10.1128/JCM.01742-10 | pmc=3122639 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21430094 }} </ref><ref name="pmid24655406">{{cite journal| author=Jenney A, Holt D, Ritika R, Southwell P, Pravin S, Buadromo E et al.| title=The clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Fiji. | journal=BMC Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 14 | issue= | pages= 160 | pmid=24655406 | doi=10.1186/1471-2334-14-160 | pmc=3998116 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24655406 }} </ref> | ||
===Common causes=== | ===Common causes=== | ||
Revision as of 14:50, 13 April 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Impetigo is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococci (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes) have been associated with the non-bullous form of impetigo and ecthyma.Streptococci can either infect individually or co-infect with Staphylococcus aureus.[1][2][3]
Causes
It was previously believed that non-bullous impetigo is caused by group A streptococci whereas Staphylococcus aureus causes the bullous subtype of impetigo. Both bullous and non-bullous subtypes of impetigo are now understood to be primarily caused by S. aureus. Streptococci have been associated with the non-bullous form and ecthyma.[3][4][5][6]
Common causes
The common causes of impetigo include:[7][8]
Bullous Impetigo
Non-bullous Impetigo
Ecthyma
Drug Induced
References
- ↑ Darmstadt GL, Lane AT (1994). "Impetigo: an overview". Pediatr Dermatol. 11 (4): 293–303. PMID 7899177.
- ↑ Demidovich CW, Wittler RR, Ruff ME, Bass JW, Browning WC (1990). "Impetigo. Current etiology and comparison of penicillin, erythromycin, and cephalexin therapies". Am J Dis Child. 144 (12): 1313–5. PMID 2244610.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Stulberg DL, Penrod MA, Blatny RA (2002). "Common bacterial skin infections". American family physician. 66 (1): 119–24. PMID 12126026.
- ↑ Kikuta H, Shibata M, Nakata S, Yamanaka T, Sakata H, Akizawa K; et al. (2011). "Predominant Dissemination of PVL-Negative CC89 MRSA with SCCmec Type II in Children with Impetigo in Japan". Int J Pediatr. 2011: 143872. doi:10.1155/2011/143872. PMC 3236481. PMID 22187567.
- ↑ Shi D, Higuchi W, Takano T, Saito K, Ozaki K, Takano M; et al. (2011). "Bullous impetigo in children infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus alone or in combination with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus: analysis of genetic characteristics, including assessment of exfoliative toxin gene carriage". J Clin Microbiol. 49 (5): 1972–4. doi:10.1128/JCM.01742-10. PMC 3122639. PMID 21430094.
- ↑ Jenney A, Holt D, Ritika R, Southwell P, Pravin S, Buadromo E; et al. (2014). "The clinical and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infections in Fiji". BMC Infect Dis. 14: 160. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-160. PMC 3998116. PMID 24655406.
- ↑ Cohen PR (2016). "Bullous impetigo and pregnancy: Case report and review of blistering conditions in pregnancy". Dermatol Online J. 22 (4). PMID 27617460.
- ↑ Duggal SD, Bharara T, Jena PP, Kumar A, Sharma A, Gur R; et al. (2016). "Staphylococcal bullous impetigo in a neonate". World J Clin Cases. 4 (7): 191–4. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v4.i7.191. PMC 4945591. PMID 27458596.