Histoplasmosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Risk factors for histoplasmosis infection include living in or traveling to the Central or Eastern United States. Patients with immunosupression, hematological malignancies, | Risk factors for [[histoplasmosis]] infection include living in or traveling to the Central or Eastern United States. Patients with [[immunosupression]], [[Hematological malignancy|hematological]] malignancies, [[immunosuppressive therapy]] and [[infants]] are at a higher risk of developing [[Disseminated disease|disseminated]] [[histoplasmosis]] infection. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
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*Activities that expose people to areas where bats live and birds roost also increase risk. Exposure to soil or particles contaminated with droppings of chickens, bats, or blackbirds is the main mode of transmission.<ref name=cdc1>Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | *Activities that expose people to areas where bats live and birds roost also increase risk. Exposure to soil or particles contaminated with droppings of chickens, bats, or blackbirds is the main mode of transmission.<ref name=cdc1>Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.</ref> | ||
'''Risk factors for severe acute disease or disseminated disease include:''' | '''Risk factors for severe acute disease or disseminated disease include:''' | ||
*Infants | *[[Infant|Infants]] | ||
*Immunocompromised states | *[[Immunocompromised]] states | ||
*AIDS Patients with CD4 counts of less than 150 cells/mm³ are at highest risk | *[[AIDS]] Patients with [[CD4]] counts of less than 150 cells/mm³ are at highest risk | ||
*Hematologic malignancies | *[[Hematological malignancy|Hematologic]] malignancies | ||
*Solid organ transplant | *[[Organ transplant|Solid organ transplant]] | ||
*Hematopoietic stem cell transplant | *[[Hematopoietic stem cell transplant]] | ||
*Use of immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids and tumor necrosis factor antagonists | *Use of [[immunosuppressive agents]] such as [[corticosteroids]] and [[Tumour necrosis factor|tumor necrosis factor]] antagonists | ||
*Congenital T-cell deficiencies | *Congenital [[T-cell]] deficiencies | ||
*Gamma interferon receptor deficiency | *[[Interferon-gamma|Gamma interferon]] receptor deficiency | ||
*Hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome is a risk factor for refractory and recurrent disseminated histoplasmosis | *Hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome is a risk factor for refractory and recurrent disseminated [[histoplasmosis]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 17:57, 8 May 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Risk factors for histoplasmosis infection include living in or traveling to the Central or Eastern United States. Patients with immunosupression, hematological malignancies, immunosuppressive therapy and infants are at a higher risk of developing disseminated histoplasmosis infection.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for pulmonary histoplasmosis include:
- Living in or traveling to the Central or Eastern United States.
- Activities such as spelunking, mining, construction, excavation, demolition, roofing, chimney cleaning, farming, gardening, and installing heating and air-conditioning systems.
- Activities that expose people to areas where bats live and birds roost also increase risk. Exposure to soil or particles contaminated with droppings of chickens, bats, or blackbirds is the main mode of transmission.[1]
Risk factors for severe acute disease or disseminated disease include:
- Infants
- Immunocompromised states
- AIDS Patients with CD4 counts of less than 150 cells/mm³ are at highest risk
- Hematologic malignancies
- Solid organ transplant
- Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
- Use of immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids and tumor necrosis factor antagonists
- Congenital T-cell deficiencies
- Gamma interferon receptor deficiency
- Hyperimmunoglobulin M syndrome is a risk factor for refractory and recurrent disseminated histoplasmosis
References
- ↑ Chiller, TM. Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related to Travel. Histoplasmosis. Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/histoplasmosis. Accessed February 2, 2016.