|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| __NOTOC__
| |
| {{Oral candidiasis}}
| |
| {{CMG}};{{AE}}{{AY}}
| |
| ==Overview==
| |
| [[Candida]] is a normal [[commensal]] of the skin and mucous membranes. The balance between the [[virulence]] of the [[fungus]] and the [[Immune response|host immune defense]] is responsible avoiding [[opportunistic infection]] of candida.
| |
| Deficiency of [[cell-mediated immunity]] or poor general status are the main risk factors for having opportunistic candidiasis.
| |
| Candidiasis is usually localized to skin and mucous membranes. In rare cases, candidiasis can spread causing [[Candidiasis|candidemia]] and distant infection. These cases are usually associated with [[Immunodeficiency|deficient immunity]]
| |
| . [[C. albicans]] is the main species causing infection in humans more than any other [[Candida|candida species]].
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Pathophysiology==
| |
| ===Pathogenesis===
| |
| Candida is a [[Commensal|normal commensal]] of skin and mucous membranes. A [[Immune system|competent immune system]] and an intact regenerating healthy skin prevent the [[virulence]] of [[Candida]].
| |
|
| |
| ====Candida Virulence factors====
| |
| The main [[virulence factors]] that mediate the infection:<ref name="pmid23302789">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mayer FL, Wilson D, Hube B |title=Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms |journal=Virulence |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=119–28 |year=2013 |pmid=23302789 |pmc=3654610 |doi=10.4161/viru.22913 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| *Secreting '''molecules that mediate adherence''' into host cells
| |
| *Production of '''[[hydrolases]]''' which has a [[Lytic|lytic effect]] on tissues and facilitate the invasion by the [[fungus]].
| |
| *'''[[Polymorphism]]:''' [[Candida]] has the ability to grow either as [[Hyphae|pseudohyphae]] (elongated ellipsoid form) or in a [[Yeast|yeast form]] (rounded to oval budding form. While the role of [[polymorphism]] is not clearly understood in the [[virulence]] of [[Candida]], it’s noted that the species that are capable of producing the most severe form of the disease has this ability.
| |
| *'''[[Biofilm|Biofilm production]]:''' which means the ability to form a thick layer of the [[organism]] on the [[Mucosal|mucosal surfaces]] or even on [[catheters]] and [[dentures]].
| |
| Any condition that compromises [[cell-mediated immunity]], worsens the general status of the patient or provide a favorable medium for [[Candida]] to form [[biofilms]] put the patient at increased risk for having candidiasis.<ref name="pmid16984866">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pappas PG |title=Invasive candidiasis |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=485–506 |year=2006 |pmid=16984866 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2006.07.004 |url=}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| [[Gene|Candidal gene]] [[VPS4A|VPS4]] plays an important role in mucosal candidiasis specifically. Moreover, fungi with mutations affecting this [[gene]] were found to be less virulent.<ref name="pmid25483774">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rane HS, Hardison S, Botelho C, Bernardo SM, Wormley F, Lee SA |title=Candida albicans VPS4 contributes differentially to epithelial and mucosal pathogenesis |journal=Virulence |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=810–8 |year=2014 |pmid=25483774 |doi=10.4161/21505594.2014.956648 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18814053">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee SA, Jones J, Hardison S, Kot J, Khalique Z, Bernardo SM, Lazzell A, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot J |title=Candida albicans VPS4 is required for secretion of aspartyl proteases and in vivo virulence |journal=Mycopathologia |volume=167 |issue=2 |pages=55–63 |year=2009 |pmid=18814053 |doi=10.1007/s11046-008-9155-7 |url=}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Gross Pathology===
| |
|
| |
| ===Microscopic pathology:===
| |
|
| |
| {| style="float: right; width: 350px;"
| |
| | [[Image:Calbicans.jpg|right|400px|thumb|Candida albicans - By Y tambe - Y tambe's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=233284]]
| |
| |}
| |
| `
| |
| *Microscopic examination of the wet mount with 10% KOH or saline demonstrates [[hyphae]], pseudohyphae, and [[Yeast|blastospores]].
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
| <br>
| |
|
| |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |
| [[Category:Needs content]]
| |
| [[Category:Disease]]
| |
| [[Category:Fungal diseases]]
| |
| [[Category:Gastroenterology]]
| |
| [[Category:Infectious disease]]
| |
| [[Category:Primary care]]
| |
| {{WH}}
| |
| {{WS}}
| |