Botulism epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
==Epidemiology== | ==Epidemiology== | ||
Globally, botulism is fairly rare.In the United States, for example, an average of | ===Incidence and prevalence== | ||
Globally, botulism is fairly rare.In the United States, for example, an average of 110 cases are reported each year. Of these, roughly 70% are infant botulism, 25% are foodborne botulism, and 5% are wound botulism. Infant botulism is predominantly sporadic and not associated with epidemics, but great geographic variability exists.<ref name="pmid785257">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pickett J, Berg B, Chaplin E, Brunstetter-Shafer MA |title=Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=295 |issue=14 |pages=770–2 |year=1976 |pmid=785257 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197609302951407 |url=}}</ref> Approximately, a total number of 900 cases of infant botulism has been reported in the United States. From 1974 to 1996, for example, 47.2% of all infant botulism cases reported in the U.S. occurred in California.<br> | |||
Between 1990 and 2000, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] reported 263 individual foodborne cases from 160 botulism events in the United States with a case-fatality rate of 4%. Thirty-nine percent (103 cases and 58 events) occurred in Alaska, all of which were attributable to traditional Alaska aboriginal foods. In the lower 49 states, home-canned food was implicated in 70 (91%) events with canned asparagus being the most numerous cause. Two restaurant-associated outbreaks affected 25 persons. The median number of cases per year was 23 (range 17–43), the median number of events per year was 14 (range 9–24). The highest incidence rates occurred in Alaska, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. All other states had an incidence rate of 1 case per ten million people or less.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Jeremy |publisher=Centers for Disease Control |date= September 2004 |title=Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0745.htm |accessdate=September 29, 2010 |postscript=</ref> | Between 1990 and 2000, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] reported 263 individual foodborne cases from 160 botulism events in the United States with a case-fatality rate of 4%. Thirty-nine percent (103 cases and 58 events) occurred in Alaska, all of which were attributable to traditional Alaska aboriginal foods. In the lower 49 states, home-canned food was implicated in 70 (91%) events with canned asparagus being the most numerous cause. Two restaurant-associated outbreaks affected 25 persons. The median number of cases per year was 23 (range 17–43), the median number of events per year was 14 (range 9–24). The highest incidence rates occurred in Alaska, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. All other states had an incidence rate of 1 case per ten million people or less.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Jeremy |publisher=Centers for Disease Control |date= September 2004 |title=Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0745.htm |accessdate=September 29, 2010 |postscript=</ref> | ||
The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of [[black tar heroin]], especially in [[California]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Passaro |first1=Douglas J. |last2=Werner |first2=Benson |last3=McGee |first3=Jim |last4=Mac Kenzie |first4=William R. |last5=Vugia |first5=Duc J. |title=Wound Botulism Associated With Black Tar Heroin Among Injecting Drug Users |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=11 |pages=859–63 |year=1998 |pmid=9516001 |doi=10.1001/jama.279.11.859 }}</ref> | The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of [[black tar heroin]], especially in [[California]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Passaro |first1=Douglas J. |last2=Werner |first2=Benson |last3=McGee |first3=Jim |last4=Mac Kenzie |first4=William R. |last5=Vugia |first5=Duc J. |title=Wound Botulism Associated With Black Tar Heroin Among Injecting Drug Users |journal=JAMA |volume=279 |issue=11 |pages=859–63 |year=1998 |pmid=9516001 |doi=10.1001/jama.279.11.859 }}</ref> Wound botulism may be caused even by inhaled cocaine. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S.
Overview
Epidemiology
=Incidence and prevalence
Globally, botulism is fairly rare.In the United States, for example, an average of 110 cases are reported each year. Of these, roughly 70% are infant botulism, 25% are foodborne botulism, and 5% are wound botulism. Infant botulism is predominantly sporadic and not associated with epidemics, but great geographic variability exists.[1] Approximately, a total number of 900 cases of infant botulism has been reported in the United States. From 1974 to 1996, for example, 47.2% of all infant botulism cases reported in the U.S. occurred in California.
Between 1990 and 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 263 individual foodborne cases from 160 botulism events in the United States with a case-fatality rate of 4%. Thirty-nine percent (103 cases and 58 events) occurred in Alaska, all of which were attributable to traditional Alaska aboriginal foods. In the lower 49 states, home-canned food was implicated in 70 (91%) events with canned asparagus being the most numerous cause. Two restaurant-associated outbreaks affected 25 persons. The median number of cases per year was 23 (range 17–43), the median number of events per year was 14 (range 9–24). The highest incidence rates occurred in Alaska, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. All other states had an incidence rate of 1 case per ten million people or less.[2]
The number of cases of food borne and infant botulism has changed little in recent years, but wound botulism has increased because of the use of black tar heroin, especially in California.[3] Wound botulism may be caused even by inhaled cocaine.
References
- ↑ Pickett J, Berg B, Chaplin E, Brunstetter-Shafer MA (1976). "Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study". N. Engl. J. Med. 295 (14): 770–2. doi:10.1056/NEJM197609302951407. PMID 785257.
- ↑ {{Cite journal |last=Sobel |first=Jeremy |publisher=Centers for Disease Control |date= September 2004 |title=Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1990–2000 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no9/03-0745.htm |accessdate=September 29, 2010 |postscript=
- ↑ Passaro, Douglas J.; Werner, Benson; McGee, Jim; Mac Kenzie, William R.; Vugia, Duc J. (1998). "Wound Botulism Associated With Black Tar Heroin Among Injecting Drug Users". JAMA. 279 (11): 859–63. doi:10.1001/jama.279.11.859. PMID 9516001.