|
|
| Line 44: |
Line 44: |
| *More than 13 of every 100 adults who live in the Northeast (13.5%). | | *More than 13 of every 100 adults who live in the Northeast (13.5%). |
| *More than 12 of every 100 adults who live in the West (12.4%). | | *More than 12 of every 100 adults who live in the West (12.4%). |
|
| |
| '''The effect of various factors on smoking can be explained as follows:'''
| |
|
| |
| ===Gender===
| |
| Men were more likely to be current cigarette smokers than women.
| |
|
| |
| *Nearly 17 of every 100 adult men (16.7%)
| |
| *More than 13 of every 100 adult women (13.6%)
| |
| ===Age===
| |
| Current cigarette smoking was higher among persons aged 18–24 years, 25–44 years, and 45–64 years than among those aged 65 years and older.
| |
|
| |
| *13 of every 100 adults aged 18–24 years (13.0%)
| |
| *Nearly 18 of every 100 adults aged 25–44 years (17.7%)
| |
| *17 of every 100 adults aged 45–64 years (17.0%)
| |
| *More than 8 of every 100 adults aged 65 years and older (8.4%)
| |
| ===Race===
| |
| Current cigarette smoking was highest among non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives and people of multiple races and lowest among Asians.
| |
|
| |
| *Nearly 22 of every 100 non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives (21.9%)
| |
| *More than 20 of every 100 non-Hispanic multiple race individuals (20.2%)
| |
| *Nearly 17 of every 100 non-Hispanic Blacks (16.7%)
| |
| *More than 16 of every 100 non-Hispanic Whites (16.6%)
| |
| *More than 10 of every 100 Hispanics (10.1%)
| |
| *7 of every 100 non-Hispanic Asians* (7.0%)
| |
| ===Education===
| |
| Current cigarette smoking was highest among persons with a graduate education degree certificate (GED) and lowest among those with a graduate degree.
| |
|
| |
| *More than 24 of every 100 adults with 12 or fewer years of education (no diploma) (24.2%)
| |
| *About 34 of every 100 adults with a GED certificate (34.1%)
| |
| *Nearly 20 of every 100 adults with a high school diploma (19.8%)
| |
| *More than 18 of every 100 adults with some college (no degree) (18.5%)
| |
| *More than 16 of every 100 adults with an associate's degree (16.6%)
| |
| *More than 7 of every 100 adults with an undergraduate college degree (7.4%)
| |
| *More than 3 of every 100 adults with a graduate degree (3.6%)
| |
| ===Socioeconomic status===
| |
| Current cigarette smoking was higher among persons living below the poverty* level than those living at or above this level.
| |
|
| |
| *About 26 of every 100 adults who live below the poverty level (26.1%)
| |
| *Nearly 14 of every 100 adults who live at or above the poverty level (13.9%)
| |
| ===Region===
| |
| Current cigarette smoking was highest in the Midwest and lowest in the West.
| |
|
| |
| *Nearly 19 of every 100 adults who live in the Midwest (18.7%)
| |
| *More than 15 of every 100 adults who live in the South (15.3%)
| |
| *More than 13 of every 100 adults who live in the Northeast (13.5%)
| |
| *More than 12 of every 100 adults who live in the West (12.4%)
| |
| ===Disability===
| |
| Current cigarette smoking was higher among persons with a disability/limitation than among those with no disability/limitation.
| |
|
| |
| *More than 21 of every 100 adults who reported having a disability/limitation (21.5%)
| |
| *Nearly 14 of every 100 adults who reported having no disability/limitation (13.8%)
| |
|
| |
| ===Sexual Orientation===
| |
| Lesbian/gay/bisexual adults were more likely to be current smokers than straight adults.
| |
|
| |
| *More than 20 of every 100 lesbian/gay/bisexual adults (20.6%)
| |
| *Nearly 15 of every 100 straight adults (14.9%)
| |
| ===Adult Smokers Distribution===
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Smoking and Health== | | ==Smoking and Health== |
| Line 108: |
Line 50: |
| ===General Principles=== | | ===General Principles=== |
| The 5As are an evidence-based framework for structuring smoking cessation in health care settings. The 5As include: Ask, Assess, Advise, Assist and Arrange follow-up. | | The 5As are an evidence-based framework for structuring smoking cessation in health care settings. The 5As include: Ask, Assess, Advise, Assist and Arrange follow-up. |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| !The 5As
| |
| !Technique
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''A'''sk
| |
| |Identify and document tobacco use status for every patient at every visit
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''A'''dvise
| |
| |In a clear, strong, and personalized manner, urge every tobacco user to quit.
| |
| Advices should be:
| |
| * Clear:
| |
| ** I think it is important for you to quit smoking now and I can help you. Cutting down while you are ill is not enough.
| |
| * Strong:
| |
| ** As your clinician, I need you to know that quitting smoking is the most important thing you can do to protect your health now and in the future. The clinic staff and I will help you.
| |
| * Personalized:
| |
| ** Tie tobacco use to current health, and its social and economic costs, motivation level to quit, and the impact of tobacco use on children and others in the household.
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''A'''ssess
| |
| |Assess willingness to make a quit attempt.
| |
| * Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt within the next 30 days?
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''A'''ssist
| |
| |
| |
| * For the patient willing to make a quit attempt, offer medication and provide or refer for counseling or additional treatment to help the patient quit.
| |
|
| |
| * For patients unwilling to quit at the time, provide interventions designed to increase future quit attempts.
| |
| |-
| |
| |'''A'''rrange follow-up
| |
| |
| |
| * For the patient willing to make a quit attempt, arrange for followup contacts, beginning within the first week after the quit date.
| |
|
| |
| * For patients unwilling to make a quit attempt at the time, address tobacco dependence and willingness to quit at next clinic visit.
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Non-pharmacological=== | | ===Non-pharmacological=== |
|
| |
|
| ===Pharmacological=== | | ===Pharmacological=== |
Template:Smoking cessation
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2],Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3],Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[4]
Overview
Epidemiology
- Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States, accounting for more than 480,000 deaths every year, or 1 of every 5 deaths.[1]
- In 2015, about 15 of every 100 U.S. adults aged 18 years or older (15.1%) currently smoked cigarettes, this means an estimated 36.5 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes.
- Current smoking has declined from nearly 21 of every 100 adults (20.9%) in 2005 to about 15 of every 100 adults (15.1%) in 2015.
- Nearly 40 million US adults still smoke cigarettes, and about 4.7 million middle and high school students use at least one tobacco product, including e-cigarettes.
- Every day, more than 3,800 youth younger than 18 years smoke their first cigarette.
- Each year, nearly half a million Americans die prematurely of smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke and more than 16 million Americans live with a smoking-related disease.
- Each year, the United States spends nearly $170 billion on medical care to treat smoking-related disease in adults.
The epidemiology of the current smoking status based on different descriptive characteristics is as follows:
Gender
- Nearly 17 of every 100 adult men (16.7%).
- More than 13 of every 100 adult women (13.6%).
Age
- 13 of every 100 adults aged 18–24 years (13.0%).
- Nearly 18 of every 100 adults aged 25–44 years (17.7%)
- 17 of every 100 adults aged 45–64 years (17.0%).
- More than 8 of every 100 adults aged 65 years and older (8.4%).
Race
- Nearly 22 of every 100 non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaska Natives (21.9%).
- More than 20 of every 100 non-Hispanic multiple race individuals (20.2%).
- Nearly 17 of every 100 non-Hispanic Blacks (16.7%).
- More than 16 of every 100 non-Hispanic Whites (16.6%).
- More than 10 of every 100 Hispanics (10.1%).
- 7 of every 100 non-Hispanic Asians* (7.0%).
Education
- More than 24 of every 100 adults with 12 or fewer years of education (no diploma) (24.2%).
- About 34 of every 100 adults with a GED certificate (34.1%).
- Nearly 20 of every 100 adults with a high school diploma (19.8%).
- More than 18 of every 100 adults with some college (no degree) (18.5%).
- More than 16 of every 100 adults with an associate's degree (16.6%).
- More than 7 of every 100 adults with an undergraduate college degree (7.4%).
- More than 3 of every 100 adults with a graduate degree (3.6%).
Socio-economic status
- About 26 of every 100 adults who live below the poverty level (26.1%).
- Nearly 14 of every 100 adults who live at or above the poverty level (13.9%).
Geographical Area
- Nearly 19 of every 100 adults who live in the Midwest (18.7%).
- More than 15 of every 100 adults who live in the South (15.3%).
- More than 13 of every 100 adults who live in the Northeast (13.5%).
- More than 12 of every 100 adults who live in the West (12.4%).
Smoking and Health
Smoking cessation
General Principles
The 5As are an evidence-based framework for structuring smoking cessation in health care settings. The 5As include: Ask, Assess, Advise, Assist and Arrange follow-up.
Non-pharmacological
Pharmacological