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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
====Prevalence====
* The estimated prevalence varies widely depending upon the population-based samples, with the Rotterdam Study (northern European population) showing a prevalence of 0.8% and the Barbados Eye Study (Caribbean population) showing a prevalence of 7% in individuals older than 40 years.   
*The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40–80 years is 3.54% (95% Confidence Interval, 2.09–5.82). The prevalence of POAG is highest in Africa - 4.20% (95% Confidence Interval, 2.08–7.35). In 2013, the number of people (aged 40–80 years) with glaucoma worldwide was estimated to be 64.3 million, increasing to 76.0 million in 2020 and 111.8 million in 2040.
<ref name="ISSN 0161-6420">{{cite journal| author= Yih-Chung Tham, Xiang Li, Tien Y. Wong, Harry A. Quigley, Tin Aung, Ching-Yu Cheng | title= Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040 | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2014 | volume= 121 | issue= 11 | pages= 2081-2090 | pmid= | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642014004333 }}</ref>
* Glaucoma affects one in two hundred people aged fifty and younger and one in ten over the age of eighty.
* Glaucoma affects one in two hundred people aged fifty and younger and one in ten over the age of eighty.
* Worldwide, it is the second leading cause of blindness.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=606657 "Glaucoma, Normal Tension, Susceptibility To."] OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Accessed October 17, 2006.</ref>  
* Worldwide, it is the second leading cause of blindness.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=606657 "Glaucoma, Normal Tension, Susceptibility To."] OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Accessed October 17, 2006.</ref>  


====Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma====
===Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma===
The overall prevalence of OAG in the US population 40 years and older is estimated to be 1.86% (95% confidence interval, 1.75%-1.96%), with 1.57 million white and 398000 black persons affected. After applying race-, age-, and gender-specific rates to the US population as determined in the 2000 US census, it was estimated that OAG affects 2.22 million US citizens. Owing to the rapidly aging population, the number with OAG will increase by 50% to 3.36 million by 2020.  
The overall prevalence of OAG in the US population 40 years and older is estimated to be 1.86% (95% confidence interval, 1.75%-1.96%), with 1.57 million white and 398000 black persons affected. After applying race-, age-, and gender-specific rates to the US population as determined in the 2000 US census, it was estimated that OAG affects 2.22 million US citizens. Owing to the rapidly aging population, the number with OAG will increase by 50% to 3.36 million by 2020.  
<ref name="pmid15078671">{{cite journal| author=Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, Klein BE, Taylor HR, West S, Leske MC, Mitchell P, Congdon N, Kempen J, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group | title= Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2004 | volume= 122 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-8 | pmid=15078671 | doi=10.1001/archopht.122.4.532  | pmc= 2798086 | url=http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2798086 }}</ref>
<ref name="pmid15078671">{{cite journal| author=Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, Klein BE, Taylor HR, West S, Leske MC, Mitchell P, Congdon N, Kempen J, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group | title= Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2004 | volume= 122 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-8 | pmid=15078671 | doi=10.1001/archopht.122.4.532  | pmc= 2798086 | url=http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2798086 }}</ref>


The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40–80 years is 3.54% (95% Confidence Interval, 2.09–5.82). The prevalence of POAG is highest in Africa - 4.20% (95% Confidence Interval, 2.08–7.35). In 2013, the number of people (aged 40–80 years) with glaucoma worldwide was estimated to be 64.3 million, increasing to 76.0 million in 2020 and 111.8 million in 2040.
====Age====
<ref name="ISSN 0161-6420">{{cite journal| author= Yih-Chung Tham, Xiang Li, Tien Y. Wong, Harry A. Quigley, Tin Aung, Ching-Yu Cheng | title= Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040 | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2014 | volume= 121 | issue= 11 | pages= 2081-2090 | pmid= | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013  | pmc= | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642014004333 }}</ref>
 
====Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma====
The prevalence of PACG is highest in Asia - 1.09%; (95% Confidence Interval, 0.43–2.32)<ref name="pmid15078671">{{cite journal| author=Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, Klein BE, Taylor HR, West S, Leske MC, Mitchell P, Congdon N, Kempen J, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group | title= Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2004 | volume= 122 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-8 | pmid=15078671 | doi=10.1001/archopht.122.4.532  | pmc= 2798086 | url=http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2798086 }}</ref>
 
===Age===
*In Rotterdam and Barbados study, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of glaucoma in older individuals, with estimates for persons in their 70s being generally 3 to 8 times higher than those for persons in their 40s. In addition, multiple population-based surveys have demonstrated a higher prevalence of glaucoma in specific ethnic groups.  
*In Rotterdam and Barbados study, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of glaucoma in older individuals, with estimates for persons in their 70s being generally 3 to 8 times higher than those for persons in their 40s. In addition, multiple population-based surveys have demonstrated a higher prevalence of glaucoma in specific ethnic groups.  
===Gender===
====Gender====
*In the Bayesian meta-regression model, men were more likely to have POAG than women (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CrI, 1.23–1.52), and after adjusting for age, gender, habitation type, response rate, and year of study, people of African ancestry were more likely to have POAG than people of European ancestry (OR, 2.80; 95% CrI, 1.83–4.06), and people living in urban areas were more likely to have POAG than those in rural areas (OR, 1.58; 95% CrI, 1.19–2.04).<ref name="ISSN 0161-6420">{{cite journal| author= Yih-Chung Tham, Xiang Li, Tien Y. Wong, Harry A. Quigley, Tin Aung, Ching-Yu Cheng | title= Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040 | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2014 | volume= 121 | issue= 11 | pages= 2081-2090 | pmid= | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013  | pmc= | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642014004333 }}</ref>
*In the Bayesian meta-regression model, men were more likely to have POAG than women (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CrI, 1.23–1.52), and after adjusting for age, gender, habitation type, response rate, and year of study, people of African ancestry were more likely to have POAG than people of European ancestry (OR, 2.80; 95% CrI, 1.83–4.06), and people living in urban areas were more likely to have POAG than those in rural areas (OR, 1.58; 95% CrI, 1.19–2.04).<ref name="ISSN 0161-6420">{{cite journal| author= Yih-Chung Tham, Xiang Li, Tien Y. Wong, Harry A. Quigley, Tin Aung, Ching-Yu Cheng | title= Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040 | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 2014 | volume= 121 | issue= 11 | pages= 2081-2090 | pmid= | doi=10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013  | pmc= | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161642014004333 }}</ref>
===Race===
====Race====
* Among whites aged 40 years and older, a prevalence of between 1.1% and 2.1% has been reported based on population-based studies performed throughout the world.
* Among whites aged 40 years and older, a prevalence of between 1.1% and 2.1% has been reported based on population-based studies performed throughout the world.
*The prevalence among black persons and Latino persons is up to 4 times higher compared to the prevalence among whites. Black individuals are also at greater risk of blindness from POAG, and this risk increases with age: in persons aged 46-65 years, the likelihood of blindness from POAG is 15 times higher among blacks than that among whites.
*The prevalence among black persons and Latino persons is up to 4 times higher compared to the prevalence among whites. Black individuals are also at greater risk of blindness from POAG, and this risk increases with age: in persons aged 46-65 years, the likelihood of blindness from POAG is 15 times higher among blacks than that among whites.
===Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma===
The prevalence of PACG is highest in Asia - 1.09%; (95% Confidence Interval, 0.43–2.32)<ref name="pmid15078671">{{cite journal| author=Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, Klein BE, Taylor HR, West S, Leske MC, Mitchell P, Congdon N, Kempen J, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group | title= Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States | journal=Arch Ophthalmol | year= 2004 | volume= 122 | issue= 4 | pages= 532-8 | pmid=15078671 | doi=10.1001/archopht.122.4.532  | pmc= 2798086 | url=http://europepmc.org/articles/pmc2798086 }}</ref>
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}*
{{reflist|2}}*

Revision as of 21:04, 24 June 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rohan Bir Singh, M.B.B.S.[2]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

  • The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40–80 years is 3.54% (95% Confidence Interval, 2.09–5.82). The prevalence of POAG is highest in Africa - 4.20% (95% Confidence Interval, 2.08–7.35). In 2013, the number of people (aged 40–80 years) with glaucoma worldwide was estimated to be 64.3 million, increasing to 76.0 million in 2020 and 111.8 million in 2040.

[1]

  • Glaucoma affects one in two hundred people aged fifty and younger and one in ten over the age of eighty.
  • Worldwide, it is the second leading cause of blindness.[2]

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

The overall prevalence of OAG in the US population 40 years and older is estimated to be 1.86% (95% confidence interval, 1.75%-1.96%), with 1.57 million white and 398000 black persons affected. After applying race-, age-, and gender-specific rates to the US population as determined in the 2000 US census, it was estimated that OAG affects 2.22 million US citizens. Owing to the rapidly aging population, the number with OAG will increase by 50% to 3.36 million by 2020. [3]

Age

  • In Rotterdam and Barbados study, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of glaucoma in older individuals, with estimates for persons in their 70s being generally 3 to 8 times higher than those for persons in their 40s. In addition, multiple population-based surveys have demonstrated a higher prevalence of glaucoma in specific ethnic groups.

Gender

  • In the Bayesian meta-regression model, men were more likely to have POAG than women (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% CrI, 1.23–1.52), and after adjusting for age, gender, habitation type, response rate, and year of study, people of African ancestry were more likely to have POAG than people of European ancestry (OR, 2.80; 95% CrI, 1.83–4.06), and people living in urban areas were more likely to have POAG than those in rural areas (OR, 1.58; 95% CrI, 1.19–2.04).[1]

Race

  • Among whites aged 40 years and older, a prevalence of between 1.1% and 2.1% has been reported based on population-based studies performed throughout the world.
  • The prevalence among black persons and Latino persons is up to 4 times higher compared to the prevalence among whites. Black individuals are also at greater risk of blindness from POAG, and this risk increases with age: in persons aged 46-65 years, the likelihood of blindness from POAG is 15 times higher among blacks than that among whites.

Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

The prevalence of PACG is highest in Asia - 1.09%; (95% Confidence Interval, 0.43–2.32)[3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Yih-Chung Tham, Xiang Li, Tien Y. Wong, Harry A. Quigley, Tin Aung, Ching-Yu Cheng (2014). "Global Prevalence of Glaucoma and Projections of Glaucoma Burden through 2040". Ophthalmology. 121 (11): 2081–2090. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013.
  2. ↑ "Glaucoma, Normal Tension, Susceptibility To." OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man. Accessed October 17, 2006.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Friedman DS, Wolfs RC, O'Colmain BJ, Klein BE, Taylor HR, West S, Leske MC, Mitchell P, Congdon N, Kempen J, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group (2004). "Prevalence of Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Adults in the United States". Arch Ophthalmol. 122 (4): 532–8. doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.532. PMC 2798086. PMID 15078671.

*

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