African trypanosomiasis historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid; {{ADG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid; {{ADG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. The causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce, and the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa made in 1910. | African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. The causative agent and [[vector]] were identified in 1903 by David Bruce, and the differentiation between the [[subspecies]] of the [[protozoa]] made in 1910. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*In 1841, Valentin, professor of physiology discovered a trypanosome-like flagellate for the first time in the blood of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref> | *In 1841, Valentin, professor of physiology discovered a trypanosome-like [[flagellate]] for the first time in the [[blood]] of a trout.<ref name="pmid15145378">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cox FE |title=History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis) |journal=Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=231–45 |year=2004 |pmid=15145378 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of trypanosomes based on the work done independently by Gluge, Mayer in the blood of frogs. | *In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of trypanosomes based on the work done independently by Gluge, Mayer in the [[blood]] of frogs. | ||
*In 1891, Nepveu identified trypanosomes for the first time in human blood. | *In 1891, Nepveu identified trypanosomes for the first time in human [[blood]]. | ||
*In 1898, Brault suggested that trypanosomes as the cause of sleeping sickness. | *In 1898, Brault suggested that trypanosomes as the cause of [[sleeping sickness]]. | ||
*In 1901, Forde and Dutton described T. b. gambiense in human blood for the first time. | *In 1901, Forde and Dutton described T. b. gambiense in human [[blood]] for the first time. | ||
*In 1902: First and second Sleeping Sickness Commission led by Low and Bruce was conducted in Uganda. | *In 1902: First and second [[Sleeping Sickness]] Commission led by Low and Bruce was conducted in Uganda. | ||
*In 1902, Castellani identified trypanosomes in cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients for the first time. | *In 1902, Castellani identified trypanosomes in [[cerebrospinal fluid]] of [[sleeping sickness]] patients for the first time. | ||
*In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill trypanosomes. | *In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill trypanosomes. | ||
*In 1903, David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector. | *In 1903, David Bruce recognized the [[tsetse fly]] as the [[arthropod]] [[Vector (biology)|vector]]. | ||
*In 1905, Bruce suggested that tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes mechanically. | *In 1905, Bruce suggested that [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]] transmit trypanosomes mechanically. | ||
*In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in tsetse flies. | *In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies.]] | ||
*In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified T. b. rhodesiense as the cause of acute sleeping sickness. | *In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified T. b. rhodesiense as the cause of acute [[sleeping sickness]]. | ||
*In 1914, Ritz described the antigenic variation of trypanosomes. | *In 1914, Ritz described the [[antigenic variation]] of trypanosomes. | ||
*In 1945, DDT was used for the first time in controlling tsetse flies. | *In 1945, DDT was used for the first time in controlling [[Tsetse fly|tsetse flies]]. | ||
*In 1949, melarsoprol was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug. | *In 1949, [[melarsoprol]] was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug. | ||
*In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of trypanosomes as the source of antigenic variation. | *In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of trypanosomes as the source of [[antigenic variation]]. | ||
*In 1992, Eflornithine was used for the treatment of human sleeping sickness. | *In 1992, Eflornithine was used for the treatment of human [[Sleeping sickness (patient information)|sleeping sickness]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 16:04, 3 July 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid; Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
African trypanosomiasis has been present in Africa for thousands of years. The causative agent and vector were identified in 1903 by David Bruce, and the differentiation between the subspecies of the protozoa made in 1910.
Historical Perspective
- In 1841, Valentin, professor of physiology discovered a trypanosome-like flagellate for the first time in the blood of a trout.[1]
- In 1843, Gruby gave a detailed description of trypanosomes based on the work done independently by Gluge, Mayer in the blood of frogs.
- In 1891, Nepveu identified trypanosomes for the first time in human blood.
- In 1898, Brault suggested that trypanosomes as the cause of sleeping sickness.
- In 1901, Forde and Dutton described T. b. gambiense in human blood for the first time.
- In 1902: First and second Sleeping Sickness Commission led by Low and Bruce was conducted in Uganda.
- In 1902, Castellani identified trypanosomes in cerebrospinal fluid of sleeping sickness patients for the first time.
- In 1902, Laveran and Mesnil discovered that sodium arsenite can be used to kill trypanosomes.
- In 1903, David Bruce recognized the tsetse fly as the arthropod vector.
- In 1905, Bruce suggested that tsetse flies transmit trypanosomes mechanically.
- In 1909, Kleine demonstrated the cyclical transmission of trypanosomes in tsetse flies.
- In 1910, Stevens and Fantham identified T. b. rhodesiense as the cause of acute sleeping sickness.
- In 1914, Ritz described the antigenic variation of trypanosomes.
- In 1945, DDT was used for the first time in controlling tsetse flies.
- In 1949, melarsoprol was used for the first time as an anti-trypanosome drug.
- In 1969, Vickerman described the coat of trypanosomes as the source of antigenic variation.
- In 1992, Eflornithine was used for the treatment of human sleeping sickness.
References
- ↑ Cox FE (2004). "History of sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)". Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 18 (2): 231–45. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2004.01.004. PMID 15145378.