African trypanosomiasis history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid {{ADG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} Pilar Almonacid {{ADG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The clinical course of human African trypanosomiasis has two stages. In the first stage, the parasite is found in the peripheral circulation, but it has not yet invaded the central nervous system. Once the parasite crosses the blood-brain barrier and infects the central nervous system, the disease enters the second stage. The subspecies that cause African trypanosomiasis have different rates of disease progression, and the clinical features depend on which form of the parasite (T. b. rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense) is causing the infection. However, infection with either form will eventually lead to coma and death if not treated.<ref name="pmid19833383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, Burri C |title=Human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9709 |pages=148–59 |year=2010 |pmid=19833383 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60829-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17582444">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masocha W, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K |title=Migration of African trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier |journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=92 |issue=1-2 |pages=110–4 |year=2007 |pmid=17582444 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.045 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18261232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Checchi F, Filipe JA, Haydon DT, Chandramohan D, Chappuis F |title=Estimates of the duration of the early and late stage of gambiense sleeping sickness |journal=BMC Infect. Dis. |volume=8 |issue= |pages=16 |year=2008 |pmid=18261232 |pmc=2259357 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-8-16 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9557424">{{cite journal |vauthors=Odiit M, Kansiime F, Enyaru JC |title=Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda |journal=East Afr Med J |volume=74 |issue=12 |pages=792–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9557424 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | The clinical course of human African trypanosomiasis has two stages. In the first stage, the [[Parasites|parasite]] is found in the peripheral circulation, but it has not yet invaded the [[central nervous system]]. Once the [[Parasites|parasite]] crosses the [[blood-brain barrier]] and infects the [[central nervous system]], the [[disease]] enters the second stage. The subspecies that cause African trypanosomiasis have different rates of disease progression, and the clinical features depend on which form of the [[Parasites|parasite]] (T. b. rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense) is causing the infection. However, infection with either form will eventually lead to coma and death if not treated.<ref name="pmid19833383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, Burri C |title=Human African trypanosomiasis |journal=Lancet |volume=375 |issue=9709 |pages=148–59 |year=2010 |pmid=19833383 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60829-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17582444">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masocha W, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K |title=Migration of African trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier |journal=Physiol. Behav. |volume=92 |issue=1-2 |pages=110–4 |year=2007 |pmid=17582444 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.045 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18261232">{{cite journal |vauthors=Checchi F, Filipe JA, Haydon DT, Chandramohan D, Chappuis F |title=Estimates of the duration of the early and late stage of gambiense sleeping sickness |journal=BMC Infect. Dis. |volume=8 |issue= |pages=16 |year=2008 |pmid=18261232 |pmc=2259357 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-8-16 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9557424">{{cite journal |vauthors=Odiit M, Kansiime F, Enyaru JC |title=Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda |journal=East Afr Med J |volume=74 |issue=12 |pages=792–5 |year=1997 |pmid=9557424 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
|Systemic | |Systemic | ||
| | | | ||
* Sweating | * [[Sweating]] | ||
* Anxiety | * [[Anxiety]] | ||
* Fever | * [[Fever]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|First stage (hemo-lyphatic stage) | |First stage (hemo-lyphatic stage) | ||
| | | | ||
* Headaches | * [[Headaches]] | ||
* Joint pains and itching | * [[Joint pains]] and [[itching]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Second stage (neurological or | |Second stage ([[neurological]] or [[Meningoencephalitis|meningoencephalic]] stage) | ||
| | | | ||
* Changes of behaviour | * Changes of behaviour | ||
* Confusion | * [[Confusion]] | ||
* Sensory disturbances | * Sensory disturbances | ||
* Poor coordination | * Poor coordination | ||
* Disturbance of the sleep cycle, | * Disturbance of the sleep cycle, | ||
|} | |} | ||
The subspecies that cause African trypanosomiasis have different rates of disease progression, and the clinical features depend on which form of the parasite (T. b. rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense) is causing the infection. | The [[subspecies]] that cause African trypanosomiasis have different rates of [[disease]] progression, and the clinical features depend on which form of the [[Parasites|parasite]] (T. b. rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense) is causing the [[infection]]. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| Line 49: | Line 49: | ||
(1-2 weeks) | (1-2 weeks) | ||
| | | | ||
* A large sore (a chancre) will develop at the site of the tsetse bite | * A large sore (a [[chancre]]) will develop at the site of the [[Tsetse fly|tsetse]] bite | ||
* Fever, headache, muscle and joint aches, and enlarged lymph node | * [[Fever]], [[headache]], [[muscle]] and [[joint aches]], and [[Enlarged lymph nodes|enlarged lymph node]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Mental deterioration and other neurologic problems. Death ensues usually within months | * Mental deterioration and other [[Neurologic diseases|neurologic]] problems. Death ensues usually within months | ||
|- | |- | ||
|West African sleeping sickness | |West African sleeping sickness | ||
| Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
(1-2 years) | (1-2 years) | ||
| | | | ||
* Intermittent fevers, headaches, muscle and joint aches, and malaise. | * Intermittent [[fevers]], [[headaches]], [[muscle]] and [[joint aches]], and [[malaise]]. | ||
* Itching of the skin, swollen lymph nodes, and weight loss | * [[Itching]] of the skin, [[swollen lymph nodes]], and [[weight loss]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Personality changes, daytime sleepiness with nighttime sleep disturbance, and progressive confusion | * [[Personality changes]], [[daytime sleepiness]] with nighttime sleep disturbance, and progressive [[confusion]] | ||
* Other neurologic signs, such as partial paralysis or problems with balance or walking may occur, as well as hormonal imbalances | * Other [[neurologic]] signs, such as partial [[paralysis]] or problems with [[Balance disorder|balance]] or walking may occur, as well as [[Hormonal|hormonal imbalances]] | ||
* The course of untreated infection rarely lasts longer than 6-7 years and more often kills in about 3 years. | * The course of untreated infection rarely lasts longer than 6-7 years and more often kills in about 3 years. | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 13:38, 5 July 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
The clinical course of human African trypanosomiasis has two stages. In the first stage, the parasite is found in the peripheral circulation, but it has not yet invaded the central nervous system. Once the parasite crosses the blood-brain barrier and infects the central nervous system, the disease enters the second stage. The subspecies that cause African trypanosomiasis have different rates of disease progression, and the clinical features depend on which form of the parasite (T. b. rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense) is causing the infection. However, infection with either form will eventually lead to coma and death if not treated.[1][2][3][4]
Symptoms
Symptoms of African trypanosomiasis include:[1][2][3][4]
| Symptoms | |
|---|---|
| Systemic | |
| First stage (hemo-lyphatic stage) | |
| Second stage (neurological or meningoencephalic stage) |
|
The subspecies that cause African trypanosomiasis have different rates of disease progression, and the clinical features depend on which form of the parasite (T. b. rhodesiense or T. b. gambiense) is causing the infection.
| Disease | Pathogen | Geographic
distrubution |
Progression | Symptoms | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First stage | Second stage | ||||
| East African sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | East and Southeast Africa | Rapid
(1-2 weeks) |
|
|
| West African sleeping sickness | Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | West and Central Africa | Slow
(1-2 years) |
|
|
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brun R, Blum J, Chappuis F, Burri C (2010). "Human African trypanosomiasis". Lancet. 375 (9709): 148–59. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60829-1. PMID 19833383.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Masocha W, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K (2007). "Migration of African trypanosomes across the blood-brain barrier". Physiol. Behav. 92 (1–2): 110–4. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.045. PMID 17582444.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Checchi F, Filipe JA, Haydon DT, Chandramohan D, Chappuis F (2008). "Estimates of the duration of the early and late stage of gambiense sleeping sickness". BMC Infect. Dis. 8: 16. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-8-16. PMC 2259357. PMID 18261232.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Odiit M, Kansiime F, Enyaru JC (1997). "Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda". East Afr Med J. 74 (12): 792–5. PMID 9557424.