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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology==
===Incidence===
In endemic areas such as eastern part of the Mediterranean region, northern Africa, southern and eastern Europe, at the southern tip of South America, in Central Asia, Siberia and western China, the incidence of echinococcosis is more than 50 per 100,000 persons.


''E. granulosus'' is present virtually worldwide since there are very few countries that are considered to be completely free of ''E. granulosus''.<ref>Budke, Christine M., Peter Deplazes, and Paul R. Torgerson. “Global Socioeconomic Impact of Cystic Echinococcosis.” Emerging Infectious Disease (2006). Web. 15 February 2010.</ref> An important fact to keep in mind is that the areas of the world where there is a high incidence of infection by ''E. granulosus'' often coincide with rural, grazing areas where dogs are able to ingest organs from infected animals.
==Demographics==
 
===Age===
''E. multilocularis'' mainly occurs in the Northern hemisphere, including central Europe and the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. However, its distribution was not always like this.<ref name="dpd">CDC. "Parasites and Health: Echinococcosis." DPDx. 20 July 2009. CDC, Web. 5 February 2010. <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/html/Echinococcosis.htm>.</ref> For instance, until the end of the 1980s, ''E. multilocularis'' endemic areas in Europe were known to exist only in France, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. But during the 1990s and early 2000s, there was a shift in the distribution of ''E. multilocularis'' as the infection rate of foxes escalated in certain parts of France and Germany. As a result, several new endemic areas were found in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and surrounding countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, and Italy. While alveolar echinococcosis is not extremely common, it is believed that in the coming years, it will be an emerging or re-emerging disease in certain countries as a result of ''E. multilocularis''’ ability to spread.<ref>Sréter, Tamás, Zoltán Széll, Zsuzsa Egyed, and István Varga. “''Echinococcus multilocularis'': an Emerging Pathogen in Hungary and Central Eastern Europe.” Emerging Infectious Disease (2003). Web. 20 February 2010</ref>
*Echinococcosis commonly affects elderly age group above 55 years.
 
===Gender===
Unlike the previous two species of ''Echinococcus'', ''E. vogeli'' and ''E. oligarthus'' are limited to Central and South America. Furthermore, infections by ''E. vogeli'' and ''E. oligarthus'' (polycystic echinococcosis) are considered to be the rarest form of echinococcosis.<ref name="JohnDavid">John, David T. and William A. Petri. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. St. Louis, MI: Saunders Elsevier, 2006. 224-231. Print.</ref>
*Men and women are affected equally by echinococcosis.
===Race===
here is no racial predilection for Echinococcosis.
===Geographic distrubution===
*''E. granulosus'' is present virtually worldwide since there are very few countries that are considered to be completely free of ''E. granulosus''.<ref>Budke, Christine M., Peter Deplazes, and Paul R. Torgerson. “Global Socioeconomic Impact of Cystic Echinococcosis.” Emerging Infectious Disease (2006). Web. 15 February 2010.</ref>
*''E. multilocularis'' mainly occurs in the Northern hemisphere, including central Europe and the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.<ref name="dpd">CDC. "Parasites and Health: Echinococcosis." DPDx. 20 July 2009. CDC, Web. 5 February 2010. <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/html/Echinococcosis.htm>.</ref>
*The other two species of ''Echinococcus'', ''E. vogeli'' and ''E. oligarthus'' are limited to Central and South America. Furthermore, infections by ''E. vogeli'' and ''E. oligarthus'' (polycystic echinococcosis) are considered to be the rarest form of echinococcosis.<ref name="JohnDavid">John, David T. and William A. Petri. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. St. Louis, MI: Saunders Elsevier, 2006. 224-231. Print.</ref>
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== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 17:07, 6 July 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[3]

Overview

Epidemiology

Incidence

In endemic areas such as eastern part of the Mediterranean region, northern Africa, southern and eastern Europe, at the southern tip of South America, in Central Asia, Siberia and western China, the incidence of echinococcosis is more than 50 per 100,000 persons.

Demographics

Age

  • Echinococcosis commonly affects elderly age group above 55 years.

Gender

  • Men and women are affected equally by echinococcosis.

Race

here is no racial predilection for Echinococcosis.

Geographic distrubution

  • E. granulosus is present virtually worldwide since there are very few countries that are considered to be completely free of E. granulosus.[1]
  • E. multilocularis mainly occurs in the Northern hemisphere, including central Europe and the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.[2]
  • The other two species of Echinococcus, E. vogeli and E. oligarthus are limited to Central and South America. Furthermore, infections by E. vogeli and E. oligarthus (polycystic echinococcosis) are considered to be the rarest form of echinococcosis.[3]

References

  1. ↑ Budke, Christine M., Peter Deplazes, and Paul R. Torgerson. “Global Socioeconomic Impact of Cystic Echinococcosis.” Emerging Infectious Disease (2006). Web. 15 February 2010.
  2. ↑ CDC. "Parasites and Health: Echinococcosis." DPDx. 20 July 2009. CDC, Web. 5 February 2010. <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/html/Echinococcosis.htm>.
  3. ↑ John, David T. and William A. Petri. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. St. Louis, MI: Saunders Elsevier, 2006. 224-231. Print.

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