Chlamydophila psittaci: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
Birds are the major [[zoonotic]] reservoir. Despite its name, C. psittaci infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird orders, from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of psittacosis<ref name="BeeckmanVanrompay2009">{{cite journal|last1=Beeckman|first1=D.S.A.|last2=Vanrompay|first2=D.C.G.|title=Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=15|issue=1|year=2009|pages=11–17|issn=1198743X|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x}}</ref>. Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher prevalence of the disease. Some of the birds listed below have been identified with psittacosis.
Birds are the major [[zoonotic]] reservoir. Despite its name, C. psittaci infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird orders, from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of psittacosis<ref name="BeeckmanVanrompay2009">{{cite journal|last1=Beeckman|first1=D.S.A.|last2=Vanrompay|first2=D.C.G.|title=Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|volume=15|issue=1|year=2009|pages=11–17|issn=1198743X|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x}}</ref>. Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher prevalence of the disease.  
*Psittaformes<ref name="pmid262635">{{cite journal| author=Milani R, Bianca T, Monni S, Di Franco S, Di Ruscio A, Filogamo C et al.| title=[Basic theory and experimental results of a new method of approach to vascular hemodialysis (preliminary note)]. | journal=Chir Patol Sper | year= 1979 | volume= 27 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-34 | pmid=262635 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=262635  }} </ref>
[[C. psittaci]] may be classified into eight [[serovars]] according to variation in the major outer membrane protein (MOMP): serovar A to F, WC and M56.<ref name="pmid9765811">{{cite journal| author=Vanrompay D, Butaye P, Sayada C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F| title=Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using omp1 restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies. | journal=Res Microbiol | year= 1997 | volume= 148 | issue= 4 | pages= 327-33 | pmid=9765811 | doi=10.1016/S0923-2508(97)81588-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9765811 }} </ref>. With recent advances in molecular diagnostic techniques,  
**Budgerigars
**Cockatiels
**Cockatoos
**Parakeetsa
*Galliformes<ref name="pmid3538658">{{cite journal| author=Efimov AS, Vaniurikhina LT, Orlova AV| title=[Trypsin-type serine proteases in the blood serum and lymphocytes of patients with diabetic angiopathies]. | journal=Vrach Delo | year= 1986 | volume=  | issue= 9 | pages= 78-81 | pmid=3538658 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3538658  }} </ref>
**Turkeys
**Pheasants
**Chickens
*Columbiformes<ref name="pmid2709727">{{cite journal| author=Petrov VI, Sytnik AP, Gorbunov VN, Korenev NN, Naumov BA| title=[Anterior seromyotomy of the corpus and fundus of the stomach in combination with posterior selective vagotomy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer]. | journal=Khirurgiia (Mosk) | year= 1989 | volume= | issue= 2 | pages= 84-7 | pmid=2709727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2709727  }} </ref>
**Doves
**Pigeons
*Passiformes
**Canaries
**Finches
*Anseriformes
**Ducks
**Geese
**Swans<ref name="pmid23654298">{{cite journal| author=Dickx V, Kalmar ID, Tavernier P, Vanrompay D| title=Prevalence and genotype distribution of Chlamydia psittaci in feral Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in Belgium. | journal=Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= 382-4 | pmid=23654298 | doi=10.1089/vbz.2012.1131 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23654298 }} </ref>  
*Mule ducks have also been associated with human disease through heavy shedding.
Most humans are infected from birds of the order psittaciformes, which includes budgerigars, cockatiels, cockatoos, and parrots. Although the ducks are asymptomatic, each bird order tends to be infected by a predominant genotype of C. psittaci.


Other animals documented with C psittaci infection include;
[[C. psittaci]] can be further classified into 20 [[Genotype|serovars]]. This  was proposed recently on the basis of both ompA sequence analysis and multiple loci variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA),
*Horses
 
*Cattle<ref name="pmid5454149">{{cite journal| author=Corson JA, Golub AM, Masiarz FR, Villars T, McConnell JV| title="Behavior induction" or "memory transfer". | journal=Science | year= 1970 | volume= 169 | issue= 3952 | pages= 1342 | pmid=5454149 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5454149 }} </ref> and
'''Table 1: Classification of ''Chlamydophila psittaci into 8 serovars.'''''<ref name="pmid1153750">{{cite journal| author=Balter S, Janower ML| title=The use of photochromic eyeglasses by radiologists. | journal=Radiology | year= 1975 | volume= 116 | issue= 02 | pages= 450 | pmid=1153750 | doi=10.1148/116.2.450 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1153750 }} </ref>
*Koalas<ref name="WeiglerGirjes1988">{{cite journal|last1=Weigler|first1=Benjamin J.|last2=Girjes|first2=Adeeb A.|last3=White|first3=Neil A.|last4=Kunst|first4=Noleen D.|last5=Carrick|first5=Frank N.|last6=Lavin|first6=Martin F.|title=ASPECTS OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI INFECTION IN A POPULATION OF KOALAS (PHASCOLARCTOS CINEREUS) IN SOUTHEASTERN QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases|volume=24|issue=2|year=1988|pages=282–291|issn=0090-3558|doi=10.7589/0090-3558-24.2.282}}</ref>, although transmission to people is seemingly a rare occurrence from these sources.
{| class="wikitable"
!Serovar
!Genotype
!Predominant host order
!Human infection documented
|-
|A
|A
|Psittaformes:
* Budgerigars
* Cockatiels
* Parakeets
|Yes
|-
|B
|B
|Columbiformes:
* Pigeons
* Doves
|Yes
|-
|C
|C
|Anseriformes:
* Ducks
* Geese
* Swans
|Yes
|-
|D
|D
|Galliformes:
* Turkeys
* Pheasants
* Chickens
|Yes
|-
|E
|E
|Struthioniformes:
* Ostriches
* Pigeons
* Duck
|Yes
|-
|F
|F
|Isolated from single parakeet and turkey only
|Yes
|-
|WC
|G
|Cattle
|No
|-
|M56
|H
|Rodents
|No
|-
|
|E/B
|Ducks
|Yes
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 12:48, 10 July 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [2]Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [3]

Chlamydophila psittaci
Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci.
Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Chlamydiae
Order: Chlamydiales
Family: Chlamydiaceae
Genus: Chlamydophila
Species: C. psittaci

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Overview

Psittacosis is caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia is understood to be a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Chlamydia or Chlamydophila in the family of Chlamydiaceae together with Parachlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae and Simkaniaceae in the order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular infectious agents in eukaryotic cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.[1]

Causes

Birds are the major zoonotic reservoir. Despite its name, C. psittaci infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird orders, from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of psittacosis[2]. Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher prevalence of the disease. C. psittaci may be classified into eight serovars according to variation in the major outer membrane protein (MOMP): serovar A to F, WC and M56.[3]. With recent advances in molecular diagnostic techniques,

C. psittaci can be further classified into 20 serovars. This was proposed recently on the basis of both ompA sequence analysis and multiple loci variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA),

Table 1: Classification of Chlamydophila psittaci into 8 serovars.[4]

Serovar Genotype Predominant host order Human infection documented
A A Psittaformes:
  • Budgerigars
  • Cockatiels
  • Parakeets
 Yes
B B Columbiformes:
  • Pigeons
  • Doves
 Yes
C C Anseriformes:
  • Ducks
  • Geese
  • Swans
 Yes
D D Galliformes:
  • Turkeys
  • Pheasants
  • Chickens
 Yes
E E Struthioniformes:
  • Ostriches
  • Pigeons
  • Duck
 Yes
F F Isolated from single parakeet and turkey only Yes
WC G Cattle No
M56 H Rodents No
E/B Ducks Yes

References

  1. ↑ de Rossi G, Focacci C (1979). "Early detection of craniosynostosis by 99mTc-pyrophosphate bone scanning". Radiol Diagn (Berl). 20 (3): 405–9. PMID 229510.
  2. ↑ Beeckman, D.S.A.; Vanrompay, D.C.G. (2009). "Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 15 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x. ISSN 1198-743X.
  3. ↑ Vanrompay D, Butaye P, Sayada C, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F (1997). "Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using omp1 restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies". Res Microbiol. 148 (4): 327–33. doi:10.1016/S0923-2508(97)81588-4. PMID 9765811.
  4. ↑ Balter S, Janower ML (1975). "The use of photochromic eyeglasses by radiologists". Radiology. 116 (02): 450. doi:10.1148/116.2.450. PMID 1153750.


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