Gynecomastia causes: Difference between revisions

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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*Drugs<ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD |title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review |journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=779–95 |year=2012 |pmid=22862307 |doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17881754">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 357 | issue= 12 | pages= 1229-37 | pmid=17881754 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp070677 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17881754  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26404748">{{cite journal| author=Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, Vitale C, Schiariti M, Greco C et al.| title=Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone. | journal=Int J Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 200 | issue=  | pages= 25-9 | pmid=26404748 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.127 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26404748  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid17267908">{{cite journal| author=Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA| title=Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 356 | issue= 5 | pages= 479-85 | pmid=17267908 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa064725 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17267908  }} </ref>
*Drugs<ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD |title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review |journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=779–95 |year=2012 |pmid=22862307 |doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17881754">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Clinical practice. Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 357 | issue= 12 | pages= 1229-37 | pmid=17881754 | doi=10.1056/NEJMcp070677 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17881754  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26404748">{{cite journal| author=Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, Vitale C, Schiariti M, Greco C et al.| title=Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone. | journal=Int J Cardiol | year= 2015 | volume= 200 | issue=  | pages= 25-9 | pmid=26404748 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.127 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26404748  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid17267908">{{cite journal| author=Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA| title=Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2007 | volume= 356 | issue= 5 | pages= 479-85 | pmid=17267908 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa064725 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17267908  }} </ref>
**All the drugs in the same class do not cause gynecomastia to the same extent. Common drugs include:  
All the drugs in the same class do not cause gynecomastia to the same extent. Common drugs include:  
***Antiandrogens
***Antiandrogens
***5-Alpha reductase inhibtors
***5-Alpha reductase inhibtors
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===Less Common Causes===
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of Gynecomastia include:
*Aromatase overexpression<ref name="pmid12736278">{{cite journal| author=Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, Hsu WT, Schultz RA, Neely K et al.| title=Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 348 | issue= 19 | pages= 1855-65 | pmid=12736278 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa021559 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12736278  }} </ref>
*Aromatase overexpression<ref name="pmid12736278">{{cite journal| author=Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, Hsu WT, Schultz RA, Neely K et al.| title=Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 348 | issue= 19 | pages= 1855-65 | pmid=12736278 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa021559 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12736278  }} </ref>
*[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome|Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome]]
*[[Androgen insensitivity syndrome|Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome]]

Revision as of 22:18, 3 August 2017

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'Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: 'Husnain Shaukat, M.D

Overview

  • Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
  • Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
  • The most common cause of gynaecomastia is idiopathic.[1]

Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].

  • The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click here.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no known life-threatening causes of gynecomastia.

Common Causes

All the drugs in the same class do not cause gynecomastia to the same extent. Common drugs include:

      • Antiandrogens
      • 5-Alpha reductase inhibtors
      • Cimitidine
      • Estrogen
      • Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist
      • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
      • Recombinant human growth hormone
      • To review complete list of drugs causing gynecomastia, click here.
  • Idiopathic[3] [1]
  • Physiologic[3] [6]
    • Adolescence
    • Aging
    • Infancy
  • Pathologic[7] [6]
    • Cirrhosis
    • Chronic Renal disease
    • Hyperthyrodism
    • Primary hypogonadism
    • Persistent pubertal gynecomastia
    • Secondary hypogonadism
    • Testicular tumors

Less Common Causes

  • Aromatase overexpression[8]
  • Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
  • Drugs
    • To review complete list of drugs causing gynecomastia, click here.
  • Kallmann syndrome
  • Testosterone pathway defects
  • Tumors
    • Gastric carcinoma
    • Hepatic Tumor
    • Large cell carcinoma of lung
    • Pituitary Tumor
    • Renal cell carcinoma
  • To review complete list of gynecomastia causes, click here.

Genetic Causes

  • Familal prepubertal gynecomastia[8]

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Alcohol, Anabolic, Bicalutamide, Chemotherapeutic, Chlorpromazine, Cimetidine, Clomiphene, Diazepam, Digoxin, Efavirenz, Estrogens, Etravirine, Etomidate, Febuxostat, Finasteride, Fluoxymesterone, Haloperidol, Heroin, Histrelin, Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), Iloperidone, Isoniazid, Ketoconazole, Leuprolide, Loxapine, Marijuana, Megestrol, Methadone, Methyldopa, Metoclopramide, Metronidazole, Mitotane, Nifedipine, Nizatidine, Oxandrolone, Olanzapine, Omeprazole, Oxymetholone, Penicillamine, Phenothiazine, Pramipexole, Sertraline, Sorafenib, Spironolactone, Steroid, Tamoxifen, Tiagabine, Tricyclic antidepressants, Trifluoperazine, Verapamil, Melatonin
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.[9] [10]

The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vandeven H, Pensler J. PMID 28613563. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
  4. ↑ Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, Vitale C, Schiariti M, Greco C; et al. (2015). "Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone". Int J Cardiol. 200: 25–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.127. PMID 26404748.
  5. ↑ Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA (2007). "Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils". N Engl J Med. 356 (5): 479–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064725. PMID 17267908.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Swerdloff RS, Ng J. PMID 25905330. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ↑ Ladizinski B, Lee KC, Nutan FN, Higgins HW, Federman DG (2014). "Gynecomastia: etiologies, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management". South Med J. 107 (1): 44–9. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0000000000000033. PMID 24389786.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, Hsu WT, Schultz RA, Neely K; et al. (2003). "Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene". N Engl J Med. 348 (19): 1855–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021559. PMID 12736278.
  9. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  10. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

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