Gynecomastia causes: Difference between revisions
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**Infancy | **Infancy | ||
*Pathologic<ref name="pmid24389786">{{cite journal| author=Ladizinski B, Lee KC, Nutan FN, Higgins HW, Federman DG| title=Gynecomastia: etiologies, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management. | journal=South Med J | year= 2014 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-9 | pmid=24389786 | doi=10.1097/SMJ.0000000000000033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24389786 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid25905330">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=25905330 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Pathologic<ref name="pmid24389786">{{cite journal| author=Ladizinski B, Lee KC, Nutan FN, Higgins HW, Federman DG| title=Gynecomastia: etiologies, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management. | journal=South Med J | year= 2014 | volume= 107 | issue= 1 | pages= 44-9 | pmid=24389786 | doi=10.1097/SMJ.0000000000000033 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24389786 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid25905330">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Swerdloff RS, Ng JCM |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=25905330 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Cirrhosis | **Cirrhosis<ref name="pmid2310274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cavanaugh J, Niewoehner CB, Nuttall FQ |title=Gynecomastia and cirrhosis of the liver |journal=Arch. Intern. Med. |volume=150 |issue=3 |pages=563–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2310274 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Chronic Renal disease | **Chronic Renal disease | ||
**Hyperthyrodism | **Hyperthyrodism | ||
Revision as of 19:31, 4 August 2017
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'Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: 'Husnain Shaukat, M.D
Overview
Common known causes of gynecomastia include physiological, use of medications and pathological (cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, testicular tumors and hypogonadism). Less common causes include androgen insensitivity syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, testosterone pathway defects and other tumors.
Less common causes include Causes
Life-threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no known life-threatening causes of gynecomastia.
Common Causes
- Drugs[1][2][3] [4]
- Antiandrogens
- 5-Alpha reductase inhibtors
- Cimitidine
- Estrogen
- Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
- Recombinant human growth hormone
- To review complete list of drugs causing gynecomastia, click here.
- Idiopathic[2] [5]
- Physiologic[2] [6]
- Adolescence
- Aging
- Infancy
- Pathologic[7] [6]
- Cirrhosis[8]
- Chronic Renal disease
- Hyperthyrodism
- Primary hypogonadism
- Persistent pubertal gynecomastia
- Secondary hypogonadism
- Testicular tumors
Less Common Causes
- Aromatase overexpression[9]
- Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
- Drugs
- To review a complete list of drugs causing gynecomastia, click here.
- Kallmann syndrome
- Testosterone pathway defects
- Tumors
- Gastric carcinoma
- Hepatic Tumor
- Large cell carcinoma of lung
- Pituitary Tumor
- Renal cell carcinoma
- To review a complete list of gynecomastia causes, click here.
Genetic Causes
- Familal prepubertal gynecomastia[9]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Alcohol, Anabolic, Bicalutamide, Chemotherapeutic, Chlorpromazine, Cimetidine, Clomiphene, Diazepam, Digoxin, Efavirenz, Estrogens, Etravirine, Etomidate, Febuxostat, Finasteride, Fluoxymesterone, Haloperidol, Heroin, Histrelin, Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), Iloperidone, Isoniazid, Ketoconazole, Leuprolide, Loxapine, Marijuana, Megestrol, Methadone, Methyldopa, Metoclopramide, Metronidazole, Mitotane, Nifedipine, Nizatidine, Oxandrolone, Olanzapine, Omeprazole, Oxymetholone, Penicillamine, Phenothiazine, Pramipexole, Sertraline, Sorafenib, Spironolactone, Steroid, Tamoxifen, Tiagabine, Tricyclic antidepressants, Trifluoperazine, Verapamil, Melatonin |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Hyperthyrodism, Hypogonadism |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Gastric tumor, Large cell carcinoma of lung, pituitary tumor, Renal cell carcinoma, Testicular tumor |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.[10] [11]
The unnamed parameter 2= is no longer supported. Please see the documentation for {{columns-list}}.
3References
- ↑ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
- ↑ Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, Vitale C, Schiariti M, Greco C; et al. (2015). "Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone". Int J Cardiol. 200: 25–9. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.127. PMID 26404748.
- ↑ Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA (2007). "Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils". N Engl J Med. 356 (5): 479–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa064725. PMID 17267908.
- ↑ Vandeven H, Pensler J. PMID 28613563. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Swerdloff RS, Ng J. PMID 25905330. Vancouver style error: initials (help); Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Ladizinski B, Lee KC, Nutan FN, Higgins HW, Federman DG (2014). "Gynecomastia: etiologies, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and management". South Med J. 107 (1): 44–9. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0000000000000033. PMID 24389786.
- ↑ Cavanaugh J, Niewoehner CB, Nuttall FQ (1990). "Gynecomastia and cirrhosis of the liver". Arch. Intern. Med. 150 (3): 563–5. PMID 2310274.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Shozu M, Sebastian S, Takayama K, Hsu WT, Schultz RA, Neely K; et al. (2003). "Estrogen excess associated with novel gain-of-function mutations affecting the aromatase gene". N Engl J Med. 348 (19): 1855–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021559. PMID 12736278.
- ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
- ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X