Gynecomastia classification: Difference between revisions
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|1961 | |1961 | ||
|Physical appearance | |Physical appearance | ||
|*Gland limited to the retro areolar region; it does not reach the edge of the areola | | | ||
*Gland limited to the retro areolar region; it does not reach the edge of the areola. | |||
*Gland extends as far as the edge of the areola. | *Gland extends as far as the edge of the areola. | ||
*The increase in gland volume extends beyond the edge of the areola. | *The increase in gland volume extends beyond the edge of the areola. | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
|1971 | |1971 | ||
|Physical appearance | |Physical appearance | ||
|*Stage 1: Nipple prominence | | | ||
*Stage 1: Nipple prominence. | |||
*Stage 2: Mammillary button stage; the breast and the areola- nipple are slightly swollen and the diameter of the areola increases. | *Stage 2: Mammillary button stage; the breast and the areola- nipple are slightly swollen and the diameter of the areola increases. | ||
*Stage 3: Further swelling of the breast and areola without separation of their edges. | |||
*Stage 3: Further swelling of the breast and areola without separation of their edges | *Stage 4: Areola and nipple become protrusive and form a secondary protrusion above the breast. | ||
*Stage 4: Areola and nipple become protrusive and form a secondary protrusion above the breast | |||
*Stage 5: There is protrusion of the nipple only after retraction of the areola from the breast surface. | *Stage 5: There is protrusion of the nipple only after retraction of the areola from the breast surface. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|Physical appearance | |Physical appearance | ||
| | | | ||
* GRADE 1: Small visible breast enlargement, no skin redundancy | * GRADE 1: Small visible breast enlargement, no skin redundancy. | ||
* GRADE 2a: Moderate breast enlargement without skin redundancy | * GRADE 2a: Moderate breast enlargement without skin redundancy. | ||
* GRADE 2b: Moderate breast enlargement with skin redundancy | * GRADE 2b: Moderate breast enlargement with skin redundancy. | ||
* GRADE 3: Marked breast enlargement with marked skin redundancy | * GRADE 3: Marked breast enlargement with marked skin redundancy. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Deutinger and Freilinger | |Deutinger and Freilinger | ||
|1986 | |1986 | ||
|Physical appearance | |Physical appearance | ||
|*Grade 1: Thoracic wall poor in the flesh; mammary tissue localized behind and around the nipple; no skin excess. | | | ||
*Grade 1: Thoracic wall poor in the flesh; mammary tissue localized behind and around the nipple; no skin excess. | |||
*Grade 2: Adipose thoracic wall; widespread alterations; breasts similar to feminine ones during puberty. | *Grade 2: Adipose thoracic wall; widespread alterations; breasts similar to feminine ones during puberty. | ||
*Grade 3: Widespread alterations; excess adipose tissue, skin redundancy, inframammary fold and ptosis. | *Grade 3: Widespread alterations; excess adipose tissue, skin redundancy, inframammary fold and ptosis. | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|1987 | |1987 | ||
|Physical appearance | |Physical appearance | ||
|*Group 1: Glandular gynecomastia. | | | ||
*Group 1: Glandular gynecomastia. | |||
*Group 2: Glandular gynecomastia with ptosis. | *Group 2: Glandular gynecomastia with ptosis. | ||
*Group 2: Glandular gynecomastia with ptosis. | *Group 2: Glandular gynecomastia with ptosis. | ||
*Group 3: Adipose gynecomastia. | |||
*Group:4 Adipose gynecomastia with a slight glandular component. | |||
*Group :4 Adipose gynecomastia with a slight glandular component. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Rohrich | |Rohrich | ||
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|Physical/Tissue type | |Physical/Tissue type | ||
| | | | ||
* GRADE 1: Minimal | * GRADE 1: Minimal hypertrophy, (less than 250g of tissue) without ptosis | ||
** 1a: Primary glandular | ** 1a: Primary glandular | ||
Revision as of 16:59, 7 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]
Overview
Gynecomastia can be classified on the basis of clinical appearance, etiology or histopathology.
Classification
- There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
OR
- [Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
OR
- [Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
- [Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
OR
- Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
OR
- If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
- According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
OR
- The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
OR
- There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
Author | Year | Method of classification | Classification system |
---|---|---|---|
Nydick | 1961 | Physical appearance |
|
Tanner | 1971 | Physical appearance |
|
Simon | 1973 | Physical appearance |
|
Deutinger and Freilinger | 1986 | Physical appearance |
|
Cohen | 1987 | Physical appearance |
|
Rohrich | 2003 | Physical/Tissue type |
|
Gusenoff | 2008 | Physical |
|
Barros | 2012 | Physical |
|
Çi̇l | 2012 | Imaging (computed tomography | Gynecomastic adipose tissue/total gynecomastic tissue, <0.3 Gynecomastic adipose tissue/total gynecomastic tissue, 0.3–0.5 Gynecomastic adipose tissue/total gynecomastic tissue, >0.6 |
Cordova | 2008 | Physical |
|
Fruhstorfer | 2003 | Physical | Small-to-moderate Moderate-to-large |
Mladick | 2004 | Physical | No sagging Slight sagging Moderate sagging Extensive sagging |
Monarca | 2013 | Physical/tis- sue type |
|
The spectrum of gynecomastia severity has been categorized into a grading system:[1][2]
- Grade I: Minor enlargement, no skin excess
- Grade II: Moderate enlargement, no skin excess
- Grade III: Moderate enlargement, skin excess
- Grade IV: Marked enlargement, skin excess
References
- ↑ Wollina, U; Goldman, A (June 2011). "Minimally invasive esthetic procedures of the male breast". Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 10 (2): 150–155. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00548.x. PMID 21649820.
- ↑ Simon BE, Hoffman S, Kahn S (1973). "Classification and surgical correction of gynecomastia". Plast Reconstr Surg. 51 (1): 48–52. PMID 4687568.