African trypanosomiasis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{ADG}} | {{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{ADG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Risk factors for [[African trypanosomiasis]] include residence in Central or South America, living in old houses with mud and stick wall constructions or straw roofs, ingestion of contaminated water, or receiving [[blood transfusions]] or [[organ donation]] from individuals in regions with high [[Endemic|endemicity]]. The risk of [[infection]] increases with the number of times a person is bitten by the [[Tsetse fly|tsetse fly.]] The [[neonatal]] risk is highest among those who [[Breastfeeding|breastfeed]] from [[bleeding]] or cracked nipples of infected mothers and infants who are delivered from [[seropositive]] mothers with active [[disease]]. | Risk factors for [[African trypanosomiasis]] include residence in Central or South America, living in old houses with mud and stick wall constructions or straw roofs, [[ingestion]] of contaminated water, or receiving [[blood transfusions]] or [[organ donation]] from individuals in regions with high [[Endemic|endemicity]]. The risk of [[infection]] increases with the number of times a person is bitten by the [[Tsetse fly|tsetse fly.]] The [[neonatal]] risk is highest among those who [[Breastfeeding|breastfeed]] from [[bleeding]] or cracked nipples of [[infected]] mothers and infants who are delivered from [[seropositive]] mothers with active [[disease]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of [[African trypanosomiasis]] include: | Common [[risk factors]] in the development of [[African trypanosomiasis]] include: | ||
* Living in Central or South America | * Living in Central or South America | ||
* Residing in a house constructed before the year 2000 | * Residing in a house constructed before the year 2000 | ||
* Exposure to either wall constructions composed of mud and sticks or straw roofs | * Exposure to either wall constructions composed of mud and sticks or straw roofs | ||
* Ingestion of contaminated water | * [[Ingestion]] of [[Contamination|contaminated]] water | ||
* Living in a hut where [[Reduviidae|reduvid]] bugs live in the walls | * Living in a hut where [[Reduviidae|reduvid]] bugs live in the walls | ||
* Poverty | * Poverty | ||
* Receiving either a [[blood transfusion]] or an [[organ transplant]] from a person in regions with high endemicity | * Receiving either a [[blood transfusion]] or an [[organ transplant]] from a person in regions with high [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemicity]] | ||
* Maternal [[seropositivity]] and exacerbation of [[infection]] during [[pregnancy]] | * [[Maternal]] [[seropositivity]] and exacerbation of [[infection]] during [[pregnancy]] | ||
* [[Bleeding]]/cracked nipples of infected mother during [[breastfeeding]] | * [[Bleeding]]/cracked nipples of infected mother during [[breastfeeding]] | ||
* [[Immunosuppression]]<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_ea_trypanosomiasis.htm#what http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_wa_trypanosomiasis.htm#Top</ref> | * [[Immunosuppression]]<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_ea_trypanosomiasis.htm#what http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/factsht_wa_trypanosomiasis.htm#Top</ref> | ||
In addition to the bite of the [[tsetse fly]], the [[disease]] is contractible in the following ways: | In addition to the bite of the [[tsetse fly]], the [[disease]] is [[Contraction|contractible]] in the following ways: | ||
* | *[[Vertical transmission]]: | ||
*[[Laboratories]]: Accidental [[infections]], for example, through the handling of [[blood]] of an infected person and [[organ transplantation]], although this is uncommon | **The [[trypanosome]] can cross the [[placenta]] and infect the [[fetus]], causing [[perinatal death]] | ||
*[[Laboratories]]: | |||
**Accidental [[infections]], for example, through the handling of [[blood]] of an [[infected]] person and [[organ transplantation]], although this is uncommon | |||
*[[Blood transfusion]] | *[[Blood transfusion]] | ||
Revision as of 17:12, 17 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Risk factors for African trypanosomiasis include residence in Central or South America, living in old houses with mud and stick wall constructions or straw roofs, ingestion of contaminated water, or receiving blood transfusions or organ donation from individuals in regions with high endemicity. The risk of infection increases with the number of times a person is bitten by the tsetse fly. The neonatal risk is highest among those who breastfeed from bleeding or cracked nipples of infected mothers and infants who are delivered from seropositive mothers with active disease.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of African trypanosomiasis include:
- Living in Central or South America
- Residing in a house constructed before the year 2000
- Exposure to either wall constructions composed of mud and sticks or straw roofs
- Ingestion of contaminated water
- Living in a hut where reduvid bugs live in the walls
- Poverty
- Receiving either a blood transfusion or an organ transplant from a person in regions with high endemicity
- Maternal seropositivity and exacerbation of infection during pregnancy
- Bleeding/cracked nipples of infected mother during breastfeeding
- Immunosuppression[1]
In addition to the bite of the tsetse fly, the disease is contractible in the following ways:
- Vertical transmission:
- The trypanosome can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, causing perinatal death
- Laboratories:
- Accidental infections, for example, through the handling of blood of an infected person and organ transplantation, although this is uncommon
- Blood transfusion