Gynecomastia natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop breast cancer and | If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop [[breast cancer]] and [[psychological stress]]. The majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia is self limited. Secondary gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and responds well to treatment. | ||
==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis== | ||
===Natural History=== | ===Natural History=== | ||
* The signs and symptoms of gynecomastia typically develop in [[neonatal]], [[pubertal]] age or in the elderly.<ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2137877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA |title=Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=450–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2137877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24872741">{{cite journal| author=Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P| title=Gynecomastia in adolescent males. | journal=Semin Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-61 | pmid=24872741 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1347166 | pmc=3706045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24872741 }} </ref> | * The signs and symptoms of gynecomastia typically develop in [[neonatal]], [[pubertal]] age or in the [[elderly]].<ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2137877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA |title=Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=450–5 |year=1990 |pmid=2137877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24872741">{{cite journal| author=Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P| title=Gynecomastia in adolescent males. | journal=Semin Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 56-61 | pmid=24872741 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1347166 | pmc=3706045 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24872741 }} </ref> | ||
* Without treatment gynecomastia has some associated risk of [[breast cancer]], however, the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolves in months to years time. | * Without treatment gynecomastia has some associated risk of [[breast cancer]], however, the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolves in months to years time. | ||
===Complications=== | ===Complications=== | ||
Complications of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmidorg/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26408934">{{cite journal| author=Ordaz DL, Thompson JK| title=Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature. | journal=Body Image | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 141-8 | pmid=26408934 | doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26408934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26151806">{{cite journal| author=Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R| title=A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men. | journal=J Adolesc | year= 2015 | volume= 43 | issue= | pages= 206-12 | pmid=26151806 | doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26151806 }} </ref> | Complications of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmidorg/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26408934">{{cite journal| author=Ordaz DL, Thompson JK| title=Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature. | journal=Body Image | year= 2015 | volume= 15 | issue= | pages= 141-8 | pmid=26408934 | doi=10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26408934 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26151806">{{cite journal| author=Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R| title=A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men. | journal=J Adolesc | year= 2015 | volume= 43 | issue= | pages= 206-12 | pmid=26151806 | doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26151806 }} </ref> | ||
* Persistent pubertal gynecomastia | * Persistent [[pubertal]] gynecomastia | ||
*[[Breast cancer]] | *[[Breast cancer]] | ||
*Psychological | *[[Psychological stress]] like [[depression]], reduced [[self-esteem]], and body dissatisfaction. | ||
===Prognosis=== | ===Prognosis=== | ||
* Gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolve spontaneously. | * Gynecomastia has an excellent [[prognosis]] and the majority of [[physiological]] gynecomastia resolve spontaneously. | ||
* Secondary gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause. | * Secondary gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause. | ||
* Persistent gynecomastia can cause | * Persistent gynecomastia can cause [[psychological stress]] and increases the risk of [[breast cancer]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.annalsplasticsurgery.com/pt/re/annps/abstract.00000637-200408000-00001.htm;jsessionid=F9bRttLWlcgHnBWVVgG3xcHwF1KbpJTPbgyLjKvQJXG977J7s1pP!1570379021!-949856144!8091!-1 | title = ''Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis'' | author = Wiesman, IM. et al.}}</ref><ref name="pmid21712702">{{cite journal| author=Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG| title=Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes. | journal=Ann Plast Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 69 | issue= 5 | pages= 510-5 | pmid=21712702 | doi=10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21712702 }} </ref><ref name="pmid28451801">{{cite journal| author=Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH| title=The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia. | journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg | year= 2017 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28451801 | doi=10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28451801 }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== |
Revision as of 17:52, 21 August 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]
Overview
If left untreated patients with gynecomastia may progress to develop breast cancer and psychological stress. The majority of physiological gynecomastia is self limited. Secondary gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and responds well to treatment.
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Natural History
- The signs and symptoms of gynecomastia typically develop in neonatal, pubertal age or in the elderly.[1][2][3]
- Without treatment gynecomastia has some associated risk of breast cancer, however, the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolves in months to years time.
Complications
Complications of gynecomastia include:[4][5][6]
- Persistent pubertal gynecomastia
- Breast cancer
- Psychological stress like depression, reduced self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction.
Prognosis
- Gynecomastia has an excellent prognosis and the majority of physiological gynecomastia resolve spontaneously.
- Secondary gynecomastia also responds well to treatment or removal of the underlying cause.
- Persistent gynecomastia can cause psychological stress and increases the risk of breast cancer.[7][8][9]
References
- ↑ Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
- ↑ Biro FM, Lucky AW, Huster GA, Morrison JA (1990). "Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia". J. Pediatr. 116 (3): 450–5. PMID 2137877.
- ↑ Lemaine V, Cayci C, Simmons PS, Petty P (2013). "Gynecomastia in adolescent males". Semin Plast Surg. 27 (1): 56–61. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1347166. PMC 3706045. PMID 24872741.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009 Check
|pmid=
value (help). - ↑ Ordaz DL, Thompson JK (2015). "Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature". Body Image. 15: 141–8. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004. PMID 26408934.
- ↑ Rew L, Young C, Harrison T, Caridi R (2015). "A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men". J Adolesc. 43: 206–12. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007. PMID 26151806.
- ↑ Wiesman, IM.; et al. "Gynecomastia: An Outcome Analysis".
- ↑ Li CC, Fu JP, Chang SC, Chen TM, Chen SG (2012). "Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: complications and outcomes". Ann Plast Surg. 69 (5): 510–5. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e318222834d. PMID 21712702.
- ↑ Choi BS, Lee SR, Byun GY, Hwang SB, Koo BH (2017). "The Characteristics and Short-Term Surgical Outcomes of Adolescent Gynecomastia". Aesthetic Plast Surg. doi:10.1007/s00266-017-0886-z. PMID 28451801.