Thyroid nodule classification

Thyroid nodule Microchapters
Home
Patient Information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Thyroid nodule from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic study of choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
Chest X Ray
CT
MRI
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Thyroid nodule classification On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Thyroid nodule classification All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Thyroid nodule classification
CDC on Thyroid nodule classification
Thyroid nodule classification in the news
Blogs on Thyroid nodule classification
Directions to Hospitals Treating Thyroid nodule
Risk calculators and risk factors for Thyroid nodule classification

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Classification

Thyroid nodule classification

Bethesda classification system

TIRAD classification system

Based on thyroid cytopathology

Based on sonographhic features

•Benign •Nondiagnostic or Unsatisfactory •Follicular lesion of undetermined significance •Atypia of undetermined significance •Follicular neoplasm •Suspicious for a follicular neoplasm •Malignant

•TIRADS 1=Normal thyroid gland •TIRADS 2=Benign lesions •TIRADS 3=Probably benign lesions •TIRADS 4= Contain 1-4 suspicious features •TIRADS 5=Contain all five suspicious features •TIRADS 6=Biopsy proven malignancy

Differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Classification based on their origin

C02= Papillary, [[Follicular thyroid cancer |follicular]], poorly differentiated, Hurthle cell and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: •Primary tumor (T) •Regional lymph nodes (N) •Distant metastasis (M)

Nonmedullary (epithelial) thyroid cancers (NMTCs) •Papillary cell tumors •Follicular tumors •Hurthle cell tumors •Anaplastic tumors>

Medullary thyroid cancers

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology

To address terminology and other issues related to thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) developed a new classification method called "The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC)".

classification	FNA cytology	Predicted risk of malignancy
Benign	Macrofollicular Adenomatoid/hyperplastic nodules Colloid adenomas (most common) Nodular goiter Lymphocytic thyroiditis Granulomatous thyroiditis	0–3 %
Nondiagnostic or Unsatisfactory		1–4 %
Follicular lesion of undetermined significance	Mixed macro- and microfollicular nodules	5–15 %
Atypia of undetermined significance	Atypical cells
Follicular neoplasm	Microfollicular nodules Hurthle cell lesions	15–30 %
Suspicious for a follicular neoplasm	Suspicious for Hurthle cell neoplasm	60–75 %
Malignant	PTC (most common) MTC Anaplastic carcinoma High-grade metastatic cancers	97–99 %

Classification based on TNM

The TNM classification (tumor-node-metastasis) was adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union against Cancer more than 10 years ago. This classification system mainly focuses on prognosis, and is developed to avoid heterogeneity of prognostic classification schemes used for differentiated thyroid cancers.

9360506

Differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma TNM staging AJCC UICC 2017

Papillary, follicular, poorly differentiated, Hurthle cell and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
Primary tumor (T)					Regional lymph nodes (N)		Distant metastasis (M)
T category	T criteria				N category	N criteria	M category	M criteria
TX	Primary tumor cannot be assessed				NX	Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed	M0	No distant metastasis
T0	No evidence of primary tumor				N0	No evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis	M1	Distant metastasis
T1	Tumor ≤2 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid				N0a	One or more cytologically or histologically confirmed benign lymph nodes
T1a	Tumor ≤1 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid				N0b	No radiologic or clinical evidence of locoregional lymph node metastasis
T1b	Tumor >1 cm but ≤2 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid				N1	Metastasis to regional nodes
T2	Tumor >2 cm but ≤4 cm in greatest dimension limited to the thyroid				N1a	Metastasis to level VI or VII (pretracheal, paratracheal, or prelaryngeal/Delphian, or upper mediastinal) lymph nodes. This can be unilateral or bilateral disease.
T3	Tumor >4 cm limited to the thyroid, or gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles				N1b	Metastasis to unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral lateral neck lymph nodes (levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal lymph nodes
T3a	Tumor >4 cm limited to the thyroid
T3b	Gross extrathyroidal extension invading only strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, or omohyoid muscles) from a tumor of any size
T4	Includes gross extrathyroidal extension
T4a	Gross extrathyroidal extension invading subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve from a tumor of any size
T4b	Gross extrathyroidal extension invading prevertebral fascia or encasing the carotid artery or mediastinal vessels from a tumor of any size

Thyroid Nodule Classification Based on the Ultrasound Features

Classification system has been proposed by Horvath et al, with a modified recommendation from Jin Kwak et al.

TIRADS 1		Normal thyroid gland
TIRADS 2		Benign lesions	Avascular anechoic lesion with echogenic specks (colloid type I) vascular heteroechoic non-expansile, non-encapsulated nodules with peripheral halo (colloid type II) isoechoic or heteroechoic, non-encapsulated, expansile vascular nodules (colloid type III)	0% risk of malignancy
TIRADS 3		Probably benign lesions	Nodule property: Hyperechoic, iso-echoic or hypoechoic nodules, with partially formed capsule and peripheral vascularity, usually in setting of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (Hashimoto's pseudonodule)	<5% risk of malignancy
TIRADS 4	4a	One suspicious feature	Suspicious lesions: solid component high stiffness of nodule on elastography if available markedly hypoechoic nodule microlobulations or irregular margins microcalcifications taller-than-wider shape	5-10% risk of malignancy
	4b	Two suspicious features		10-80% risk of malignancy
	4c	Three/four suspicious features
TIRADS 5		All five suspicious features	Probably malignant lesions (more than 80% risk of malignancy)	>80% risk of malignancy
TIRADS 6		Biopsy proven malignancy

Classification of neoplastic thyroid nodules based on their origin:

		Origin	histologic subtypes	Subclass
Nonmedullary thyroid cancers (NMTCs)	95% of tumors	thyroid epithelial cells	papillary (85%)	95% are sporadic tumors 5% may be related to inherited genetics due to familial origin Classic varient tall cell variant insular varient columnar variant Hürthle or oxyphilic variant solid or trabecular variant clear cell variant diffuse sclerosing variant cribriform morular variant hobnail variant
			follicular (11%)	Benign follicular adenoma Minimally invasive follicular carcinoma Widely invasive follicular carcinoma Encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer Infiltrative variant of papillary thyroid cancer
			Hürthle cell (3%)
			anaplastic (1%)
Medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs)	5% of all thyroid malignancies	calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells		20% they are familial and occur as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes

Of the differentiated cancers, papillary cancer comprises about 85% of cases compared to about 10% that have follicular histology, and 3% that are Hu¨rthle cell or oxyphil tumors