De Quervain's thyroiditis from other diseases: Difference between revisions
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[[De Quervain's thyroiditis]] must be differentiated from other causes of [[thyroiditis]], such as [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Riedel's thyroiditis]], and suppurative thyroiditis. | [[De Quervain's thyroiditis]] must be differentiated from other causes of [[thyroiditis]], such as [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Riedel's thyroiditis]], and suppurative thyroiditis. | ||
==Differentiating De Quervain's thyroiditis from other diseases== | ==Differentiating De Quervain's thyroiditis from other diseases== | ||
*[[De Quervain's thyroiditis]] must be differentiated from other causes of [[thyroiditis]], such as [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Riedel's thyroiditis]], and suppurative thyroiditis.<ref name="urlThyroiditis — NEJM">{{cite web |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra021194 |title=Thyroiditis — NEJM |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref | *[[De Quervain's thyroiditis]] must be differentiated from other causes of [[thyroiditis]], such as [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], [[Riedel's thyroiditis]], and suppurative thyroiditis.<ref name="urlThyroiditis — NEJM">{{cite web |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra021194 |title=Thyroiditis — NEJM |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
{| align="center" | {| align="center" | ||
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{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: | {| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center" | ||
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | Conditions | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | Conditions | ||
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Causes | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Causes | ||
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! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Pathological findings | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Pathological findings | ||
! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diagnostic approach | ! style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diagnostic approach | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[De Quervain's thyroiditis|Painful subacute (De Quervain's) thyroiditis]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[De Quervain's thyroiditis|Painful subacute (De Quervain's) thyroiditis]] | ||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | | style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | ||
*[[Thyroid function tests|Increased TSH]] (hypothyroidism) | *[[Thyroid function tests|Increased TSH]] (hypothyroidism) | ||
*[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO antibodies]] present in high titer | |||
*[[I-123 thyroid imaging|I-123]] uptake usually decreased | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Silent thyroiditis]] | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*Autoimmune | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*All ages, peak at 30-40 | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*Lymphocytic infiltration | |||
*Lymphoid follicles | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Thyroid function tests|Increased TSH]] (hypothyroidism) and/or | |||
* [[Thyroid function tests|Decreased TSH]] (transient hypothyroidism) | |||
*[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO antibodies]] present in high titer | |||
*[[I-123 thyroid imaging|I-123]] uptake usually decreased | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Postpartum thyroiditis]] | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*Autoimmune | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*Childbearing age | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*Lymphocytic infiltration | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | | |||
*[[Thyroid function tests|Increased TSH]] (hypothyroidism) and/or | |||
* [[Thyroid function tests|Decreased TSH]] (transient hypothyroidism) | |||
*[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO antibodies]] present in high titer | *[[Thyroid peroxidase|TPO antibodies]] present in high titer | ||
*[[I-123 thyroid imaging|I-123]] uptake usually decreased | *[[I-123 thyroid imaging|I-123]] uptake usually decreased | ||
Line 83: | Line 109: | ||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> Free T4 | ! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> Free T4 | ||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> T3 | ! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> T3 | ||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> T3RU | ! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> T3RU<small>† | ||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> Thyroglobin | ! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> Thyroglobin | ||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> TRH | ! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> TRH | ||
! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> TPOAb^ | ! align="center" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; " |<small> TPOAb^ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hypothyroidism|Transient hypothyroidism]] | |||
| rowspan=" | |||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[De Quervain's thyroiditis|Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[De Quervain's thyroiditis|Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis]] | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |''' | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑/'''↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓/'''↑''' | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Low/absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
* May present primarily with [[hyperthyroidism]] | *May present primarily with [[hyperthyroidism]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" | | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Postpartum thyroiditis]] | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | +/- | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑/'''↓ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑/'''↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓/'''↑''' | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓/'''↑''' | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Present (high titer) | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*May present primarily with [[hyperthyroidism]] | |||
|- | |||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Silent thyroiditis]] | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑/'''↓ | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓/'''↑''' | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↑ | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | |||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Present (high titer) | |||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
* May present primarily with [[hyperthyroidism]] | *May present primarily with [[hyperthyroidism]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Primary hypothyroidism]] | | rowspan="3" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Primary hypothyroidism]] | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑ | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑'''<small>* | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''''↓''''' | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''''↓''''' | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/'''''↓''''' | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/'''↑''' | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Present (high titer) | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Present (high titer) | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↑ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/↓ | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Usually present | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Usually present | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
*[[Riedel's thyroiditis]] usually presents with hard and fixed | *[[Riedel's thyroiditis]] usually presents with hard and fixed thyroid mass. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infectious thyroiditis]] | | align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Infectious thyroiditis]] | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | + | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | + | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | + | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | + | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
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| rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑'''/↓ | | rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑'''/↓ | ||
| rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''''↓'''''/↑ | | rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''''↓'''''/↑ | ||
| rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | | rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |↓ | ||
| rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/'''↑''' | ||
| rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent** | | rowspan="5" align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Absent** | ||
| rowspan="5" align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | rowspan="5" align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
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| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑''' | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |'''↑''' | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal | ||
| align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Normal/'''↑''' | ||
| align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | ||
* Asymptomatic | * Asymptomatic | ||
|- | |||
|} | |} | ||
<br style="clear:left" />''(†)T3RU; Triiodothyronine Resin uptake. (^)TPOAb; [[Thyroid peroxidase]] antibodies. (*)[[TSH]] may be decreased transiently in the [[thyrotoxicosis]]. (**)TPOAb may be present in drug-induced [[Hypothyroidism|hypo]]/[[hyperthyroidism]] such as [[Interferon-alpha]], [[Interleukin 2|interleukin-2]], and [[lithium]].'' | <br style="clear:left" />''(†)T3RU; Triiodothyronine Resin uptake. (^)TPOAb; [[Thyroid peroxidase]] antibodies. (*)[[TSH]] may be decreased transiently in the [[thyrotoxicosis]]. (**)TPOAb may be present in drug-induced [[Hypothyroidism|hypo]]/[[hyperthyroidism]] such as [[Interferon-alpha]], [[Interleukin 2|interleukin-2]], and [[lithium]].'' | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} |
Revision as of 20:36, 27 September 2017
De Quervain's thyroiditis Microchapters |
Differentiating De Quervain's thyroiditis from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
Treatment |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Furqan M M. M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
De Quervain's thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis.
Differentiating De Quervain's thyroiditis from other diseases
- De Quervain's thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of thyroiditis, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Riedel's thyroiditis, and suppurative thyroiditis.[1]
Conditions | Causes | Age at onset | Pathological findings | Diagnostic approach |
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Painful subacute (De Quervain's) thyroiditis |
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis |
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Silent thyroiditis |
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Postpartum thyroiditis |
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Riedel's thyroiditis |
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Suppurative thyroiditis |
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- De Quervain's thyroiditis must be differentiated from other causes of hypothyroidism on the basis of history and symptoms and laboratory findings:[2][3][1][4][5][6]
Disease | History and symptoms | Laboratory findings | Additional findings | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fever | Pain | TSH | Free T4 | T3 | T3RU† | Thyroglobin | TRH | TPOAb^ | |||
Transient hypothyroidism | Subacute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis | +/- | +/- | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal | Low/absent |
|
Postpartum thyroiditis | +/- | +/- | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal/↑ | Present (high titer) |
| |
Silent thyroiditis | - | - | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | ↑ | Normal | Present (high titer) |
| |
Primary hypothyroidism | Autoimmune (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) | - | - | ↑* | ↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Present (high titer) |
|
Riedel's thyroiditis | - | - | Normal/↑ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal/↓ | Normal | Normal | Usually present |
| |
Infectious thyroiditis | + | + | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Absent |
| |
Others | Drug-induced | - | - | ↑/↓ | ↓/↑ | Normal | ↓ | Normal/↑ | Normal | Absent** |
|
Radiation-induced | |||||||||||
Trauma induced | |||||||||||
Radioiodine induced | |||||||||||
Thyroidectomy | |||||||||||
Subclinical hypothyroidism | - | - | ↑ | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal | Normal/↑ |
|
(†)T3RU; Triiodothyronine Resin uptake. (^)TPOAb; Thyroid peroxidase antibodies. (*)TSH may be decreased transiently in the thyrotoxicosis. (**)TPOAb may be present in drug-induced hypo/hyperthyroidism such as Interferon-alpha, interleukin-2, and lithium.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Thyroiditis — NEJM".
- ↑ Bindra A, Braunstein GD (2006). "Thyroiditis". Am Fam Physician. 73 (10): 1769–76. PMID 16734054.
- ↑ McDermott MT (2009). "In the clinic. Hypothyroidism". Ann. Intern. Med. 151 (11): ITC61. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-01006. PMID 19949140.
- ↑ Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, Jeffries R, Phillips L, Mahaffey KR (2007). "Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002)". Thyroid. 17 (12): 1211–23. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0235. PMID 18177256.
- ↑ Lania A, Persani L, Beck-Peccoz P (2008). "Central hypothyroidism". Pituitary. 11 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1007/s11102-008-0122-6. PMID 18415684.
- ↑ De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, New M, Purnell J, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Stockigt J. "Clinical Strategies in the Testing of Thyroid Function". PMID 25905413.