Gout differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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| style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |The disease usually manifests in the skeleton and solitary bone lesions are encountered twice as often as multiple bone lesions.<br>The tumours can develop in any bone, but most commonly originate in the skull and jaw, followed by vertebral bodies, ribs, pelvis, and long bones.<ref name="pmid26461144">{{cite journal |vauthors=Picarsic J, Jaffe R |title=Nosology and Pathology of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=799–823 |year=2015 |pmid=26461144 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2015.06.001 |url=}}</ref> | | style="padding: 7px 7px; background: #F5F5F5;" |The disease usually manifests in the skeleton and solitary bone lesions are encountered twice as often as multiple bone lesions.<br>The tumours can develop in any bone, but most commonly originate in the skull and jaw, followed by vertebral bodies, ribs, pelvis, and long bones.<ref name="pmid26461144">{{cite journal |vauthors=Picarsic J, Jaffe R |title=Nosology and Pathology of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis |journal=Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=799–823 |year=2015 |pmid=26461144 |doi=10.1016/j.hoc.2015.06.001 |url=}}</ref> | ||
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Gout must be differentiated from other causes of rash and arthritis<ref name="pmid3101626">{{cite journal| author=Rompalo AM, Hook EW, Roberts PL, Ramsey PG, Handsfield HH, Holmes KK| title=The acute arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. The changing importance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1987 | volume= 147 | issue= 2 | pages= 281-3 | pmid=3101626 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3101626 }} </ref><ref name="pmid16297736">{{cite journal| author=Rice PA| title=Gonococcal arthritis (disseminated gonococcal infection). | journal=Infect Dis Clin North Am | year= 2005 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 853-61 | pmid=16297736 | doi=10.1016/j.idc.2005.07.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16297736 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22353959">{{cite journal| author=Bleich AT, Sheffield JS, Wendel GD, Sigman A, Cunningham FG| title=Disseminated gonococcal infection in women. | journal=Obstet Gynecol | year= 2012 | volume= 119 | issue= 3 | pages= 597-602 | pmid=22353959 | doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e318244eda9 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22353959 }} </ref> | |||
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! style="background: #4479BA; width: 120px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Disease}} | |||
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 550px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Findings}} | |||
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''Nongonococcal [[septic arthritis]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Presents with an acute onset of joint swelling and pain (usually monoarticular) | |||
*Culture of joint fluid reveals organisms | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Acute rheumatic fever]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Presents with polyarthritis and rash (rare presentation) in young adults. Microbiologic or serologic evidence of a recent streptococcal infection confirm the diagnosis. | |||
*Poststreptococcal arthritis have a rapid response to [[salicylate]]s or other [[antiinflammatory drugs]]. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" |'''[[Syphilis]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Presents with acute secondary syphilis usually presents with generalized, pustular lesions at the palms and soles with [[lymphadenopathy|generalized lymphadenopathy]] | |||
*Rapid plasma reagin (RPR), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) tests confirm the presence of the causative agent. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Reactive arthritis]] (Reiter syndrome)''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Musculoskeletal manifestation include [[arthritis]], [[tenosynovitis]], [[dactylitis]], and low back pain. | |||
*Extraarticular manifestation include [[conjunctivitis]], [[urethritis]], and genital and oral lesions. | |||
*Reactive arthritis is a clinical diagnosis based upon the pattern of findings and there is no definitive diagnostic test | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Hepatitis B virus|Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Presents with fever, chills, polyarthritis, [[tenosynovitis]], and [[urticarial|urticarial rash]] | |||
*Synovial fluid analysis usually shows noninflammatory fluid | |||
*Elevated [[aminotransaminases|serum aminotransaminases]] and evidence of acute HBV infection on serologic testing confirm the presence of the HBV. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Herpes simplex virus|Herpes simplex virus (HSV)]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Genital and extragenital lesions can mimic the skin lesions that occur in disseminated gonococcal infection | |||
*Viral culture, [[polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]], and direct fluorescence antibody confirm the presence of the causative agent. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[HIV infection]] ''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Present with generalized rash with mucus membrane involvement, fever, chills, and [[arthralgia]]. Joint effusions are uncommon | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Gout|Gout and other crystal-induced arthritis]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Presents with acute monoarthritis with fever and chills | |||
*Synovial fluid analysis confirm the diagnosis. | |||
|- | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" | '''[[Lyme disease]]''' | |||
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" | | |||
*Present with erythema chronicum migrans rash and [[monoarthritis]] as a later presentation. | |||
*Clinical characteristics of the rash and and serologic testing confirm the diagnosis. | |||
|} | |} | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Gout needs to be differentiated from other diseases such as cellulitis, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis and sarcoidosis as they present with similar symptoms.
Differentiating Gout from other Diseases
Certain diseases can present with similar symptoms like
Gout must be differentiated from other diseases that cause bone pain, edema, and erythema.
| Disease | Findings |
|---|---|
| Soft tissue infection (Commonly cellulitis) |
History of skin warmness, swelling and erythema. Bone probing is the definite way to differentiate them.[1][2] |
| Osteonecrosis (Avascular necrosis of bone) |
Previous history of trauma, radiation, use of steroids or biphosphonates are suggestive to differentiate osteonecrosis from ostemyelitis.[3][4] MRI is diagnostic.[5][6] |
| Charcot joint | Patients with Charcot joint commonly develop skin ulcerations that can in turn lead to secondary osteomyelitis. Contrast-enhanced MRI may be diagnostically useful if it shows a sinus tract, replacement of soft tissue fat, a fluid collection, or extensive marrow abnormalities. Bone biopsy is the definitive diagnostic modality.[7] |
| Bone tumors | May present with local pain and radiographic changes consistent with osteomyelitis. Tumors most likely to mimic osteomyelitis are osteoid osteomas and chondroblastomas that produce small, round, radiolucent lesions on radiographs.[8] |
| Gout | Gout presents with joint pain and swelling. Joint aspiration and crystals in synovial fluid is diagnostic for gout.[9] |
| SAPHO syndrome (Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) |
SAPHO syndrome consists of a wide spectrum of neutrophilic dermatosis associated with aseptic osteoarticular lesions. It can mimic osteomyelitis in patients who lack the characteristic findings of pustulosis and synovitis. The diagnosis is established via clinical manifestations; bone culture is sterile in the setting of osteitis. |
| Sarcoidosis | It involves most frequently the pulmonary parenchyma and mediastinal lymph nodes, but any organ system can be affected. Bone involvement is often bilateral and bones commonly affected include the middle and distal phalanges (producing “sausage finger”), wrist, skull, vertebral column, and long bones. |
| Langerhans' cell histiocytosis | The disease usually manifests in the skeleton and solitary bone lesions are encountered twice as often as multiple bone lesions. The tumours can develop in any bone, but most commonly originate in the skull and jaw, followed by vertebral bodies, ribs, pelvis, and long bones.[10] |
Gout must be differentiated from other causes of rash and arthritis[11][12][13]
| Disease | Findings |
|---|---|
| Nongonococcal septic arthritis |
|
| Acute rheumatic fever |
|
| Syphilis |
|
| Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) |
|
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection |
|
| Herpes simplex virus (HSV) |
|
| HIV infection |
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| Gout and other crystal-induced arthritis |
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| Lyme disease |
|
References
- ↑ Bisno AL, Stevens DL (1996). "Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues". N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (4): 240–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199601253340407. PMID 8532002.
- ↑ Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, Hirschmann JV, Kaplan SL, Montoya JG, Wade JC (2014). "Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America". Clin. Infect. Dis. 59 (2): 147–59. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530.
- ↑ Shigemura T, Nakamura J, Kishida S, Harada Y, Ohtori S, Kamikawa K, Ochiai N, Takahashi K (2011). "Incidence of osteonecrosis associated with corticosteroid therapy among different underlying diseases: prospective MRI study". Rheumatology (Oxford). 50 (11): 2023–8. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker277. PMID 21865285.
- ↑ Slobogean GP, Sprague SA, Scott T, Bhandari M (2015). "Complications following young femoral neck fractures". Injury. 46 (3): 484–91. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.010. PMID 25480307.
- ↑ Amanatullah DF, Strauss EJ, Di Cesare PE (2011). "Current management options for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: part 1, diagnosis and nonoperative management". Am J. Orthop. 40 (9): E186–92. PMID 22022684.
- ↑ Etienne G, Mont MA, Ragland PS (2004). "The diagnosis and treatment of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head". Instr Course Lect. 53: 67–85. PMID 15116601.
- ↑ Ahmadi ME, Morrison WB, Carrino JA, Schweitzer ME, Raikin SM, Ledermann HP (2006). "Neuropathic arthropathy of the foot with and without superimposed osteomyelitis: MR imaging characteristics". Radiology. 238 (2): 622–31. doi:10.1148/radiol.2382041393. PMID 16436821.
- ↑ Lovell, Wood (2014). Lovell and Winter's pediatric orthopaedics. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1605478142.
- ↑ Joosten LA, Netea MG, Mylona E, Koenders MI, Malireddi RK, Oosting M, Stienstra R, van de Veerdonk FL, Stalenhoef AF, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kanneganti TD, van der Meer JW (2010). "Engagement of fatty acids with Toll-like receptor 2 drives interleukin-1β production via the ASC/caspase 1 pathway in monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced gouty arthritis". Arthritis Rheum. 62 (11): 3237–48. doi:10.1002/art.27667. PMC 2970687. PMID 20662061.
- ↑ Picarsic J, Jaffe R (2015). "Nosology and Pathology of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis". Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 29 (5): 799–823. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2015.06.001. PMID 26461144.
- ↑ Rompalo AM, Hook EW, Roberts PL, Ramsey PG, Handsfield HH, Holmes KK (1987). "The acute arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. The changing importance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis". Arch Intern Med. 147 (2): 281–3. PMID 3101626.
- ↑ Rice PA (2005). "Gonococcal arthritis (disseminated gonococcal infection)". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 19 (4): 853–61. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2005.07.003. PMID 16297736.
- ↑ Bleich AT, Sheffield JS, Wendel GD, Sigman A, Cunningham FG (2012). "Disseminated gonococcal infection in women". Obstet Gynecol. 119 (3): 597–602. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e318244eda9. PMID 22353959.