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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
The epidemiology and demographics of toxic multinodular goiter is as below:<ref name="pmid9534034">{{cite journal| author=Siegel RD, Lee SL| title=Toxic nodular goiter. Toxic adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter. | journal=Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am | year= 1998 | volume= 27 | issue= 1 | pages= 151-68 | pmid=9534034 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9534034 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9267482">{{cite journal| author=Pelizzo MR, Bernante P, Toniato A, Fassina A| title=Frequency of thyroid carcinoma in a recent series of 539 consecutive thyroidectomies for multinodular goiter. | journal=Tumori | year= 1997 | volume= 83 | issue= 3 | pages= 653-5 | pmid=9267482 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9267482 }}</ref><ref name="pmid9019982">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pinchera A, Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Vitti P |title=[Multinodular goiter. Epidemiology and prevention] |language=Italian |journal=Ann Ital Chir |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=317–25 |year=1996 |pmid=9019982 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10487707">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gabriel EM, Bergert ER, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Thompson GB, Morris JC |title=Germline polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=84 |issue=9 |pages=3328–35 |year=1999 |pmid=10487707 |doi=10.1210/jcem.84.9.5966 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12762632">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tonacchera M, Vitti P, De Servi M, Agretti P, De Marco G, Chiovato L, Pinchera A |title=Gain of function TSH receptor mutations and iodine deficiency: implications in iodine prophylaxis |journal=J. Endocrinol. Invest. |volume=26 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=2–6 |year=2003 |pmid=12762632 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*The incidence of | *The incidence of toxic multinodular goiter is estimated to be 4.8 cases per 100,000 population per year. | ||
*The incidence of toxic | *The incidence of toxic multinodular goiter may be related to the degree of iodine sufficiency. | ||
*Correction of mild iodine deficiency has beneficial effects on the incidence of hyperthyroidism | ** Correction of mild iodine deficiency has beneficial effects on the incidence of hyperthyroidism. | ||
** In 1988-89, the correction of mild iodine deficiency led to a steady decline in the total incidence to reach 44% of the control level. | |||
** The decline in total incidence was attributed to a decrease in the incidence of toxic nodular goiter. | |||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
* | * The prevalence of hyperthyroidism is estimated to be 2000 cases per 100,000 population. | ||
* Toxic multinodular goiter accounts for 5% of all patients with hyperthyroidism. | |||
* The prevalence of toxic adenomas was 1.6% of 2846 thyrotoxic patients in a research done in Cleveland. | |||
* The prevalence of toxic thyroid nodules was significantly higher in an iodine-deficient population when compared with an iodine-sufficient population. | * The prevalence of toxic thyroid nodules was significantly higher in an iodine-deficient population when compared with an iodine-sufficient population. | ||
* In iodine deficient areas, such as some areas of Italy (Pescopagano, in southern Italy), nodular goiter is present in 25-33% of the population. | |||
===Age== | |||
===Age | * Toxic multinodular goiter commonly affects individuals older than 60 years of age. | ||
* | * Hyperthyroidism associated with an autonomous nodule occurred in 57% of patients aged more than 60 years, whereas 13% of those younger than 60 years were hyperthyroid. | ||
* | * Toxic multinodular goiter frequency increases with age. | ||
===Race=== | ===Race=== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 31: | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1. | *[Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1. | ||
*was noted to be higher specifically in females aged 50 years or older. | *was noted to be higher specifically in females aged 50 years or older. | ||
*Toxic nodules were seen in women six times more than in men. | *Toxic nodules were seen in women six times more than in men. | ||
*All benign thyroid disorders showed predominance in women. Male/female ratio was 1/10 (10%) in the TMG group and 6/12 (50%) in the NMG group in our study. We also found a significant difference in the incidence of malignancy in male patients between the two groups and the incidence of malignancy was found to be higher in the non-toxic male patients. | *All benign thyroid disorders showed predominance in women. Male/female ratio was 1/10 (10%) in the TMG group and 6/12 (50%) in the NMG group in our study. We also found a significant difference in the incidence of malignancy in male patients between the two groups and the incidence of malignancy was found to be higher in the non-toxic male patients. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
The epidemiology and demographics of toxic multinodular goiter is as below:[1][2][3][4][5]
Incidence
- The incidence of toxic multinodular goiter is estimated to be 4.8 cases per 100,000 population per year.
- The incidence of toxic multinodular goiter may be related to the degree of iodine sufficiency.
- Correction of mild iodine deficiency has beneficial effects on the incidence of hyperthyroidism.
- In 1988-89, the correction of mild iodine deficiency led to a steady decline in the total incidence to reach 44% of the control level.
- The decline in total incidence was attributed to a decrease in the incidence of toxic nodular goiter.
Prevalence
- The prevalence of hyperthyroidism is estimated to be 2000 cases per 100,000 population.
- Toxic multinodular goiter accounts for 5% of all patients with hyperthyroidism.
- The prevalence of toxic adenomas was 1.6% of 2846 thyrotoxic patients in a research done in Cleveland.
- The prevalence of toxic thyroid nodules was significantly higher in an iodine-deficient population when compared with an iodine-sufficient population.
- In iodine deficient areas, such as some areas of Italy (Pescopagano, in southern Italy), nodular goiter is present in 25-33% of the population.
=Age
- Toxic multinodular goiter commonly affects individuals older than 60 years of age.
- Hyperthyroidism associated with an autonomous nodule occurred in 57% of patients aged more than 60 years, whereas 13% of those younger than 60 years were hyperthyroid.
- Toxic multinodular goiter frequency increases with age.
Race
In a recent study, the incidence of malignancy in TMG was found to be 7% and most of them were papillary microcarcinomas.[6]
Gender
- [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
- was noted to be higher specifically in females aged 50 years or older.
- Toxic nodules were seen in women six times more than in men.
- All benign thyroid disorders showed predominance in women. Male/female ratio was 1/10 (10%) in the TMG group and 6/12 (50%) in the NMG group in our study. We also found a significant difference in the incidence of malignancy in male patients between the two groups and the incidence of malignancy was found to be higher in the non-toxic male patients.
Region
- [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
- Chiefly because of the iodination of table salt in the United States, the iodine intake of 200 to 600 μg/day in the United States is significantly higher than the nearly borderline deficient intake of 25 to 100 μg/day in many areas of Europe.
- A higher incidence is seen in European countries in comparison with the United States. A general survey of six countries in Europe in 1986 revealed that 9% of thyrotoxic patients had autonomous nodules. In Malmo, Sweden, the mean annual incidence of thyrotoxicosis rose in 1988 to 1990 compared with the incidence in 1970 to 1974.
Developed Countries
References
- ↑ Siegel RD, Lee SL (1998). "Toxic nodular goiter. Toxic adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 27 (1): 151–68. PMID 9534034.
- ↑ Pelizzo MR, Bernante P, Toniato A, Fassina A (1997). "Frequency of thyroid carcinoma in a recent series of 539 consecutive thyroidectomies for multinodular goiter". Tumori. 83 (3): 653–5. PMID 9267482.
- ↑ Pinchera A, Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Vitti P (1996). "[Multinodular goiter. Epidemiology and prevention]". Ann Ital Chir (in Italian). 67 (3): 317–25. PMID 9019982.
- ↑ Gabriel EM, Bergert ER, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Thompson GB, Morris JC (1999). "Germline polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 (9): 3328–35. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.9.5966. PMID 10487707.
- ↑ Tonacchera M, Vitti P, De Servi M, Agretti P, De Marco G, Chiovato L, Pinchera A (2003). "Gain of function TSH receptor mutations and iodine deficiency: implications in iodine prophylaxis". J. Endocrinol. Invest. 26 (2 Suppl): 2–6. PMID 12762632.
- ↑ Ríos A, Rodríguez JM, Balsalobre MD, Torregrosa NM, Tebar FJ, Parrilla P (2005). "Results of surgery for toxic multinodular goiter". Surg Today. 35 (11): 901–6. doi:10.1007/s00595-004-3051-7. PMID 16249841.