Sandbox

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:  : Manpreet Kaur, MD [2]

Overview

Peptic ulcer disease results from the distruption of the normal epithelial lining of the walls of stomach and small intestine. The disrupted epithelium may sometimes be superimposed by Helicobacter pylori infection. Risk factors of peptic ulcer disease include ingestion of Non-Steroidal Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), stress, .

• Helicobacter pylori-(previously called as Campylobacter pylori), gram-negative,helix-shaped, microaerophilic bacteria

O

[Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.

OR

Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.

OR

[Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].

OR

The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].

OR

The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Causes:

There is no life-threatening cause.

Peptic ulcer disease may be caused by :

• • Infections -Helicobacter pylori (60% gastric and 50-75% duodenal ulcers ), Herpes simplex virus type 1, Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter heilmannii, Tuberculosis, syphilis, and mucormycosis.
  • Drugs-NSAIDs including aspirin.Clopidogrel,spironolactone,sirolimus,bisphosphonates (when combined with NSAIDs),mycophenolate mofetil,spironolactone ,chemotherapy (hepatic infusion of 5 - fluorouracil ,selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors .
  • Hormonal or mediator-induced including secondary acid hypersecretory states -Gastrinomas, systemic mastocytosis, carcinoid syndrome, myeloproliferative disorder, antral g - cell hyperfunction.
  • Post-surgical -Antral exclusion and post gastric bypass surgery.
  • Mechanical causes -duodenal obstruction ,magnets ,batteries .
  • Vascular causes -crack cocaine and methamphetamines
  • Radiation therapy.
  • Infiltrative disease-Sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease.

Comorbidities associated with chronic diseases and acute multisystem failure-stress induced in ICU patients, obesity, cirrhosis, renal disease, organ transplantation, COPD

[ is caused by an infection with [pathogen name]. [Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name]. Less Common Causes[edit | edit source] Less common causes of disease name include:

[Cause1] [Cause2] [Cause3] Genetic Causes[edit | edit source] [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene. Causes by Organ System[edit | edit source] Cardiovascular No underlying causes Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes Dental No underlying causes Dermatologic No underlying causes Drug Side Effect No underlying causes Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes Endocrine No underlying causes Environmental No underlying causes Gastroenterologic No underlying causes Genetic No underlying causes Hematologic No underlying causes Iatrogenic No underlying causes Infectious Disease No underlying causes Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes Neurologic No underlying causes Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes Oncologic No underlying causes Ophthalmologic No underlying causes Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes Psychiatric No underlying causes Pulmonary No underlying causes Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes Sexual No underlying causes Trauma No underlying causes Urologic No underlying causes Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order[edit | edit source] List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

Cause 1 Cause 2 Cause 3 Cause 4 Cause 5 Cause 6 Cause 7 Cause 8 Cause 9 Cause 10

References[edit | edit source]

Pathophysiology

Pathogenesis

• The exact pathogenesis of [disease name] is not fully understood.

OR

• It is thought that [disease name] is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either [hypothesis 1], [hypothesis 2], or [hypothesis 3].
• [Pathogen name] is usually transmitted via the [transmission route] route to the human host.
• Following transmission/ingestion, the [pathogen] uses the [entry site] to invade the [cell name] cell.
• [Disease or malignancy name] arises from [cell name]s, which are [cell type] cells that are normally involved in [function of cells].
• The progression to [disease name] usually involves the [molecular pathway].
• The pathophysiology of [disease/malignancy] depends on the histological subtype.

Genetics

• [Disease name] is transmitted in [mode of genetic transmission] pattern.
• Genes involved in the pathogenesis of [disease name] include [gene1], [gene2], and [gene3].
• The development of [disease name] is the result of multiple genetic mutations.

Gross Pathology

• On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].

Microscopic Pathology

• On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].