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==Overview==
==Overview==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
OR


Common causes of esophageal stricture include gastroesophageal reflux disease and caustic ingestions.
Common causes of esophageal stricture include gastroesophageal reflux disease and caustic ingestions.
OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
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*Treatment for esophageal varices  
*Treatment for esophageal varices  
*Esophageal cancer
*Esophageal cancer
*Drug-induced stricture:<ref name="pmid3606243">{{cite journal| author=Bonavina L, DeMeester TR, McChesney L, Schwizer W, Albertucci M, Bailey RT| title=Drug-induced esophageal strictures. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1987 | volume= 206 | issue= 2 | pages= 173-83 | pmid=3606243 | doi= | pmc=1493104 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606243  }}</ref>
**Aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents<ref name="pmid6825537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF |title=Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=174–82 |year=1983 |pmid=6825537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Tetracycline
**Doxycycline
**Clindamycin
**Bisphosphonates
**Potassium chloride
**Quinidine preparations
**Iron compounds
**Emepronium
**Alprenolol
**Pinaverium 
*Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue, for example:
*Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue, for example:
**[[Systemic sclerosis]]
**[[Systemic sclerosis]]
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*Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]])<ref name="pmid27384758">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC |title=The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume= |issue= |pages=1–4 |year=2016 |pmid=27384758 |doi=10.2214/AJR.16.16115 |url=}}</ref>
*Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, [[epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica]])<ref name="pmid27384758">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC |title=The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume= |issue= |pages=1–4 |year=2016 |pmid=27384758 |doi=10.2214/AJR.16.16115 |url=}}</ref>
*Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis<ref name="pmid7665827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goenka MK, Gupta NM, Kochhar R, Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Nagi B, Suri S |title=Mediastinal fibrosis: an unusual cause of esophageal stricture |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=331–3 |year=1995 |pmid=7665827 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis<ref name="pmid7665827">{{cite journal |vauthors=Goenka MK, Gupta NM, Kochhar R, Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Nagi B, Suri S |title=Mediastinal fibrosis: an unusual cause of esophageal stricture |journal=J. Clin. Gastroenterol. |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=331–3 |year=1995 |pmid=7665827 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Drug-induced stricture:<ref name="pmid3606243">{{cite journal| author=Bonavina L, DeMeester TR, McChesney L, Schwizer W, Albertucci M, Bailey RT| title=Drug-induced esophageal strictures. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1987 | volume= 206 | issue= 2 | pages= 173-83 | pmid=3606243 | doi= | pmc=1493104 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3606243  }}</ref>
**Aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents<ref name="pmid6825537">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF |title=Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=174–82 |year=1983 |pmid=6825537 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Tetracycline
**Doxycycline
**Clindamycin
**Bisphosphonates
**Potassium chloride
**Quinidine preparations
**Iron compounds
**Emepronium
**Alprenolol
**Pinaverium 


* [[Infectious esophagitis]]<ref name="pmid247196002">{{cite journal| author=Wilcox CM| title=Overview of infectious esophagitis. | journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) | year= 2013 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 | pages= 517-9 | pmid=24719600 | doi= | pmc=3980995 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24719600  }}</ref>
* [[Infectious esophagitis]]<ref name="pmid247196002">{{cite journal| author=Wilcox CM| title=Overview of infectious esophagitis. | journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) | year= 2013 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 | pages= 517-9 | pmid=24719600 | doi= | pmc=3980995 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24719600  }}</ref>
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:*      [[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus (CMV)]]
:*      [[Cytomegalovirus|Cytomegalovirus (CMV)]]
:*      [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]]
:*      [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]]
* Genetic Causes
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===

Revision as of 17:04, 17 October 2017


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]


Overview

Common causes of esophageal stricture include gastroesophageal reflux disease and caustic ingestions.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of esophageal stricture, however complications resulting from untreated esophageal stricture is common.

Common Causes

Esophageal stricture may be caused by:[1]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of esophageal stricture include:

  • Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)[7]
  • Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)[8]
  • Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis[9]
  • Drug-induced stricture:[10]
    • Aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents[11]
    • Tetracycline
    • Doxycycline
    • Clindamycin
    • Bisphosphonates
    • Potassium chloride
    • Quinidine preparations
    • Iron compounds
    • Emepronium
    • Alprenolol
    • Pinaverium 

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning Caustic ingestion
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Dyskeratosis congenita (DC), epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica
Drug Side Effect Drug-induced stricture:
  • Aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents
  • Tetracycline
  • Doxycycline
  • Clindamycin
  • Bisphosphonates
  • Potassium chloride
  • Quinidine preparations
  • Iron compounds
  • Emepronium
  • Alprenolol
  • Pinaverium 
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal cancer, Esophageal diverticula , Hiatal hernia, Tracheoesophageal fistula
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Previous surgery on the esophagus, Surgical anastomosis, Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors, Esophageal sclerotherapy, Treatment for esophageal varices
Infectious Disease Infectious esophagitis
  • Candida 
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis, Tracheoesophageal fistula
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.

  • Caustic ingestions
  • Drug-induced stricture
  • Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
  • Eosinophilic esophagitis
  • Esophageal cancer
  • Esophageal diverticula
  • Esophageal sclerotherapy
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue
  • Infectious esophagitis
  • Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
  • Previous surgery on the esophagus
  • Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors
  • Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)
  • Surgical anastomosis
  • Tracheoesophageal fistula
  • Treatment for esophageal varices

References

  1. ↑ Csendes A, Braghetto I (1992). "Surgical management of esophageal strictures". Hepatogastroenterology. 39 (6): 502–10. PMID 1483661.
  2. ↑ Marks RD, Richter JE (1993). "Peptic strictures of the esophagus". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88 (8): 1160–73. PMID 8338082.
  3. ↑ Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM (1985). "Caustic substance injuries". J. Pediatr. 107 (2): 169–74. PMID 4020540.
  4. ↑ Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE (1995). "Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 31 (5): 1213–36. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L. PMID 7713784.
  5. ↑ Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL (1991). "Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis". Am Surg. 57 (9): 567–71, discussion 571–2. PMID 1928999.
  6. ↑ Furuta, Glenn T.; Ingelfinger, Julie R.; Katzka, David A. (2015). "Eosinophilic Esophagitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (17): 1640–1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1502863. ISSN 0028-4793.
  7. ↑ Jonassaint NL, Guo N, Califano JA, Montgomery EA, Armanios M (2013). "The gastrointestinal manifestations of telomere-mediated disease". Aging Cell. 12 (2): 319–23. doi:10.1111/acel.12041. PMC 3602337. PMID 23279657.
  8. ↑ Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC (2016). "The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa". AJR Am J Roentgenol: 1–4. doi:10.2214/AJR.16.16115. PMID 27384758.
  9. ↑ Goenka MK, Gupta NM, Kochhar R, Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Nagi B, Suri S (1995). "Mediastinal fibrosis: an unusual cause of esophageal stricture". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 20 (4): 331–3. PMID 7665827.
  10. ↑ Bonavina L, DeMeester TR, McChesney L, Schwizer W, Albertucci M, Bailey RT (1987). "Drug-induced esophageal strictures". Ann Surg. 206 (2): 173–83. PMC 1493104. PMID 3606243.
  11. ↑ Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF (1983). "Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature". Dig. Dis. Sci. 28 (2): 174–82. PMID 6825537.
  12. ↑ Wilcox CM (2013). "Overview of infectious esophagitis". Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 9 (8): 517–9. PMC 3980995. PMID 24719600.

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