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*[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]<ref name="pmid8338082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks RD, Richter JE |title=Peptic strictures of the esophagus |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=1160–73 |year=1993 |pmid=8338082 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]<ref name="pmid8338082">{{cite journal |vauthors=Marks RD, Richter JE |title=Peptic strictures of the esophagus |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=88 |issue=8 |pages=1160–73 |year=1993 |pmid=8338082 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Caustic ingestions<ref name="pmid4020540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM |title=Caustic substance injuries |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=169–74 |year=1985 |pmid=4020540 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Caustic ingestions<ref name="pmid4020540">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM |title=Caustic substance injuries |journal=J. Pediatr. |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=169–74 |year=1985 |pmid=4020540 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors<ref name="pmid7713784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE |title=Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1213–36 |year=1995 |pmid=7713784 |doi=10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L |url=}}</ref> | *Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors<ref name="pmid7713784">{{cite journal |vauthors=Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE |title=Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract |journal=Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1213–36 |year=1995 |pmid=7713784 |doi=10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Esophageal sclerotherapy<ref name="pmid1928999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL |title=Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis |journal=Am Surg |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=567–71; discussion 571–2 |year=1991 |pmid=1928999 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *Esophageal sclerotherapy<ref name="pmid1928999">{{cite journal |vauthors=Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL |title=Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis |journal=Am Surg |volume=57 |issue=9 |pages=567–71; discussion 571–2 |year=1991 |pmid=1928999 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| Line 27: | Line 25: | ||
**[[Nasogastric tube]] placement | **[[Nasogastric tube]] placement | ||
**[[Heller myotomy]] for [[achalasia]] | **[[Heller myotomy]] for [[achalasia]] | ||
* | *<ref name="Smith2015">{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=C. Daniel|title=Esophageal Strictures and Diverticula|journal=Surgical Clinics of North America|volume=95|issue=3|year=2015|pages=669–681|issn=00396109|doi=10.1016/j.suc.2015.02.017}}</ref> | ||
===Less Common Causes=== | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
| Line 54: | Line 52: | ||
* [[Hiatus hernia|Hiatal hernia]] | * [[Hiatus hernia|Hiatal hernia]] | ||
* [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis<ref name="pmid25755944">{{cite journal| author=Lakoma A, Fallon SC, Mathur S, Kim ES| title=Use of Mitomycin C for Refractory Esophageal Stricture following Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair. | journal=European J Pediatr Surg Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 24-6 | pmid=25755944 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1341418 | pmc=4335951 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755944 }}</ref> | * [[Tracheoesophageal fistula]] repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis<ref name="pmid25755944">{{cite journal| author=Lakoma A, Fallon SC, Mathur S, Kim ES| title=Use of Mitomycin C for Refractory Esophageal Stricture following Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair. | journal=European J Pediatr Surg Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 1 | issue= 1 | pages= 24-6 | pmid=25755944 | doi=10.1055/s-0033-1341418 | pmc=4335951 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25755944 }}</ref> | ||
* [[Esophageal diverticulum|Esophageal diverticula]]<ref name="Smith2015" /> | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
Revision as of 19:26, 17 October 2017
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]
Overview
Common causes of esophageal stricture include gastroesophageal reflux disease and caustic ingestions.
Causes
Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of esophageal stricture, however complications resulting from untreated esophageal stricture is common.
Common Causes
Esophageal stricture may be caused by:[1]
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease[2]
- Caustic ingestions[3]
- Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors[4]
- Esophageal sclerotherapy[5]
- Eosinophilic esophagitis[6]
- Treatment for esophageal varices
- Esophageal cancer
- Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue, for example:
- [7]
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of esophageal stricture include:
- Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)[8]
- Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)[9]
- Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis[10]
- Drug-induced stricture:[11]
- Aspirin and anti-inflammatory agents[12]
- Tetracycline
- Doxycycline
- Clindamycin
- Bisphosphonates
- Potassium chloride
- Quinidine preparations
- Iron compounds
- Emepronium
- Alprenolol
- Pinaverium
- Hiatal hernia
- Tracheoesophageal fistula repair and esophageal stricture at the anastomosis[14]
- Esophageal diverticula[7]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | Caustic ingestion |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | Dyskeratosis congenita (DC), epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica |
| Drug Side Effect | Drug-induced stricture:
|
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Gastroesophageal reflux disease, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Esophageal cancer, Esophageal diverticula , Hiatal hernia, Tracheoesophageal fistula |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Previous surgery on the esophagus, Surgical anastomosis, Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors, Esophageal sclerotherapy, Treatment for esophageal varices |
| Infectious Disease | Infectious esophagitis
|
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis, Tracheoesophageal fistula |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
- Caustic ingestions
- Drug-induced stricture
- Dyskeratosis congenita (DC)
- Eosinophilic esophagitis
- Esophageal cancer
- Esophageal diverticula
- Esophageal sclerotherapy
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Hiatal hernia
- Increased level of gastric acid exposure to esophageal tissue
- Infectious esophagitis
- Mediastinal fibrosis due to tuberclosis or idiopathic fibrosing mediastinitis
- Previous surgery on the esophagus
- Radiation therapy for thoracic or head and neck tumors
- Rare dermatologic diseases (eg, epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica)
- Surgical anastomosis
- Tracheoesophageal fistula
- Treatment for esophageal varices
References
- ↑ Csendes A, Braghetto I (1992). "Surgical management of esophageal strictures". Hepatogastroenterology. 39 (6): 502–10. PMID 1483661.
- ↑ Marks RD, Richter JE (1993). "Peptic strictures of the esophagus". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 88 (8): 1160–73. PMID 8338082.
- ↑ Wasserman RL, Ginsburg CM (1985). "Caustic substance injuries". J. Pediatr. 107 (2): 169–74. PMID 4020540.
- ↑ Coia LR, Myerson RJ, Tepper JE (1995). "Late effects of radiation therapy on the gastrointestinal tract". Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 31 (5): 1213–36. doi:10.1016/0360-3016(94)00419-L. PMID 7713784.
- ↑ Guynn TP, Eckhauser FE, Knol JA, Raper SE, Mulholland MW, Nostrant TT, Elta GH, Barnett JL (1991). "Injection sclerotherapy-induced esophageal strictures. Risk factors and prognosis". Am Surg. 57 (9): 567–71, discussion 571–2. PMID 1928999.
- ↑ Furuta, Glenn T.; Ingelfinger, Julie R.; Katzka, David A. (2015). "Eosinophilic Esophagitis". New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (17): 1640–1648. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1502863. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Smith, C. Daniel (2015). "Esophageal Strictures and Diverticula". Surgical Clinics of North America. 95 (3): 669–681. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2015.02.017. ISSN 0039-6109.
- ↑ Jonassaint NL, Guo N, Califano JA, Montgomery EA, Armanios M (2013). "The gastrointestinal manifestations of telomere-mediated disease". Aging Cell. 12 (2): 319–23. doi:10.1111/acel.12041. PMC 3602337. PMID 23279657.
- ↑ Guerra-Leal JD, Meester I, Cantu-Gonzalez JR, Ornelas-Cortinas G, Montemayor-Martinez A, Salas-Alanis JC (2016). "The Importance of Esophagography in Patients With Recessive Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa". AJR Am J Roentgenol: 1–4. doi:10.2214/AJR.16.16115. PMID 27384758.
- ↑ Goenka MK, Gupta NM, Kochhar R, Rungta U, Vaiphei K, Nagi B, Suri S (1995). "Mediastinal fibrosis: an unusual cause of esophageal stricture". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 20 (4): 331–3. PMID 7665827.
- ↑ Bonavina L, DeMeester TR, McChesney L, Schwizer W, Albertucci M, Bailey RT (1987). "Drug-induced esophageal strictures". Ann Surg. 206 (2): 173–83. PMC 1493104. PMID 3606243.
- ↑ Kikendall JW, Friedman AC, Oyewole MA, Fleischer D, Johnson LF (1983). "Pill-induced esophageal injury. Case reports and review of the medical literature". Dig. Dis. Sci. 28 (2): 174–82. PMID 6825537.
- ↑ Wilcox CM (2013). "Overview of infectious esophagitis". Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 9 (8): 517–9. PMC 3980995. PMID 24719600.
- ↑ Lakoma A, Fallon SC, Mathur S, Kim ES (2013). "Use of Mitomycin C for Refractory Esophageal Stricture following Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair". European J Pediatr Surg Rep. 1 (1): 24–6. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1341418. PMC 4335951. PMID 25755944.