Whipple's disease epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*The prevalence of Whipple's disease is approximately 3 per 1,000,000 individuals in north-western Italy.<ref name="BiagiBalduzzi2015">{{cite journal|last1=Biagi|first1=F.|last2=Balduzzi|first2=D.|last3=Delvino|first3=P.|last4=Schiepatti|first4=A.|last5=Klersy|first5=C.|last6=Corazza|first6=G. R.|title=Prevalence of Whipple's disease in north-western Italy|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume=34|issue=7|year=2015|pages=1347–1348|issn=0934-9723|doi=10.1007/s10096-015-2357-2}}</ref> | *The prevalence of Whipple's disease is approximately 3 per 1,000,000 individuals in north-western Italy.<ref name="BiagiBalduzzi2015">{{cite journal|last1=Biagi|first1=F.|last2=Balduzzi|first2=D.|last3=Delvino|first3=P.|last4=Schiepatti|first4=A.|last5=Klersy|first5=C.|last6=Corazza|first6=G. R.|title=Prevalence of Whipple's disease in north-western Italy|journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases|volume=34|issue=7|year=2015|pages=1347–1348|issn=0934-9723|doi=10.1007/s10096-015-2357-2}}</ref> | ||
* | |||
===Case-fatality rate=== | ===Case-fatality rate=== | ||
*The case-fatality rate of Whipple's disease is approximately 100%, if left untreated.<ref name="pmid9193452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathébras P, Rousset H, Godeau P |title=Whipple disease. Clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI Research Group on Whipple Disease. Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=170–84 |year=1997 |pmid=9193452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The case-fatality rate of Whipple's disease is approximately 100%, if left untreated.<ref name="pmid9193452">{{cite journal |vauthors=Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathébras P, Rousset H, Godeau P |title=Whipple disease. Clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI Research Group on Whipple Disease. Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=170–84 |year=1997 |pmid=9193452 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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*The majority of Whipple's disease cases are reported in North America and western Europe.<ref name="FenollarPuéchal2007">{{cite journal|last1=Fenollar|first1=Florence|last2=Puéchal|first2=Xavier|last3=Raoult|first3=Didier|title=Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=356|issue=1|year=2007|pages=55–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra062477}}</ref> | *The majority of Whipple's disease cases are reported in North America and western Europe.<ref name="FenollarPuéchal2007">{{cite journal|last1=Fenollar|first1=Florence|last2=Puéchal|first2=Xavier|last3=Raoult|first3=Didier|title=Whipple's Disease|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=356|issue=1|year=2007|pages=55–66|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra062477}}</ref> | ||
=== Developing Countries === | |||
* In Senegal, the prevalence of chronic carrier of [[Tropheryma whipplei]] is 75% of children under 4 years of age.<ref name="KeitaRaoult2013">{{cite journal|last1=Keita|first1=Alpha Kabinet|last2=Raoult|first2=Didier|last3=Fenollar|first3=Florence|title=Tropheryma whippleias a commensal bacterium|journal=Future Microbiology|volume=8|issue=1|year=2013|pages=57–71|issn=1746-0913|doi=10.2217/fmb.12.124}}</ref> | |||
* In Laos, the prevalence of chronic carrier of [[Tropheryma whipplei]] is 48% by using quantitative real-time [[PCR]] (qPCR) of the feces of children.<ref name="SmallKeita2015">{{cite journal|last1=Small|first1=Pamela L.|last2=Keita|first2=Alpha Kabinet|last3=Dubot-Pérès|first3=Audrey|last4=Phommasone|first4=Koukeo|last5=Sibounheuang|first5=Bountoy|last6=Vongsouvath|first6=Manivanh|last7=Mayxay|first7=Mayfong|last8=Raoult|first8=Didier|last9=Newton|first9=Paul N.|last10=Fenollar|first10=Florence|title=High Prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei in Lao Kindergarten Children|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=9|issue=2|year=2015|pages=e0003538|issn=1935-2735|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003538}}</ref> | |||
* In Ghana, the prevalence of chronic carrier of [[Tropheryma whipplei]] is 27.5% by using quantitative real-time [[PCR]] (qPCR) of the feces of children.<ref>Vinnemeier CD, Klupp EM, Krumkamp R, Rolling T, Fischer N, OwusuDabo E, Addo MM, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Kasmaier J, Aepfelbacher M, Cramer | |||
JP, May J, Tannich E. 2016. Tropheryma whipplei in children with | |||
diarrhoea in rural Ghana. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:65.e1– 65.e3</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 14:05, 1 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Whipple's disease is an extremely rare disease among middle-aged white males in North America and western Europe. It affects males 8 times more than females. Few studies were done to evaluate the demographics of Whipple's disease due to sparsity of the disease. It is a fatal disease, if left untreated.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- The incidence of Whipple's disease is approximately 12 annually worldwide.[1]
- Between 1907 and 1987, the incidence of Whipple's disease was estimated to be 696 cases worldwide.[1]
- The incidence of Whipple's disease is approximately 1 per 1,000,000 individuals annually in north-western Italy.[2]
Prevalence
- The prevalence of Whipple's disease is approximately 3 per 1,000,000 individuals in north-western Italy.[2]
Case-fatality rate
- The case-fatality rate of Whipple's disease is approximately 100%, if left untreated.[3]
- The case-fatality rate of treated Whipple's disease is unknown.[4]
Age
- Whipple's disease commonly affects individuals between 40 to 60 years of age; the median age at diagnosis is 50 years.[5]
Race
- Whipple's disease usually affects individuals of the caucasian race. Africans and Asians are less likely to develop Whipple's disease.[6]
Gender
- Males are more commonly affected by Whipple's disease than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 8 to 1.[5]
Region
- The majority of Whipple's disease cases are reported in North America and western Europe.[7]
Developing Countries
- In Senegal, the prevalence of chronic carrier of Tropheryma whipplei is 75% of children under 4 years of age.[8]
- In Laos, the prevalence of chronic carrier of Tropheryma whipplei is 48% by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the feces of children.[9]
- In Ghana, the prevalence of chronic carrier of Tropheryma whipplei is 27.5% by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the feces of children.[10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dobbins W, III. 1987. Whipple’s disease. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, IL.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Biagi, F.; Balduzzi, D.; Delvino, P.; Schiepatti, A.; Klersy, C.; Corazza, G. R. (2015). "Prevalence of Whipple's disease in north-western Italy". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 34 (7): 1347–1348. doi:10.1007/s10096-015-2357-2. ISSN 0934-9723.
- ↑ Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathébras P, Rousset H, Godeau P (1997). "Whipple disease. Clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI Research Group on Whipple Disease. Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne". Medicine (Baltimore). 76 (3): 170–84. PMID 9193452.
- ↑ Marth, Thomas; Raoult, Didier (2003). "Whipple's disease". The Lancet. 361 (9353): 239–246. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12274-X. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Marth, Thomas (2015). "Tropheryma whipplei, Immunosuppression and Whipple's Disease: From a Low-Pathogenic, Environmental Infectious Organism to a Rare, Multifaceted Inflammatory Complex". Digestive Diseases. 33 (2): 190–199. doi:10.1159/000369538. ISSN 0257-2753.
- ↑ Dolmans, Ruben A. V.; Boel, C. H. Edwin; Lacle, Miangela M.; Kusters, Johannes G. (2017). "Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei Infections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 30 (2): 529–555. doi:10.1128/CMR.00033-16. ISSN 0893-8512.
- ↑ Fenollar, Florence; Puéchal, Xavier; Raoult, Didier (2007). "Whipple's Disease". New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1056/NEJMra062477. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Keita, Alpha Kabinet; Raoult, Didier; Fenollar, Florence (2013). "Tropheryma whippleias a commensal bacterium". Future Microbiology. 8 (1): 57–71. doi:10.2217/fmb.12.124. ISSN 1746-0913.
- ↑ Small, Pamela L.; Keita, Alpha Kabinet; Dubot-Pérès, Audrey; Phommasone, Koukeo; Sibounheuang, Bountoy; Vongsouvath, Manivanh; Mayxay, Mayfong; Raoult, Didier; Newton, Paul N.; Fenollar, Florence (2015). "High Prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei in Lao Kindergarten Children". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (2): e0003538. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003538. ISSN 1935-2735.
- ↑ Vinnemeier CD, Klupp EM, Krumkamp R, Rolling T, Fischer N, OwusuDabo E, Addo MM, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Kasmaier J, Aepfelbacher M, Cramer JP, May J, Tannich E. 2016. Tropheryma whipplei in children with diarrhoea in rural Ghana. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:65.e1– 65.e3