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The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, [[Genetics|genetic]] factors and [[nutrition|nutritional deficiencies]] may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to:
The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, [[Genetics|genetic]] factors and [[nutrition|nutritional deficiencies]] may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to:


===Increased Iron Requirement===
===Common causes===
====Physiological====
Common causes of iron deficiency anemia associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome are:
* [[Growth]]
*Physiological conditions with increased iron requirements are seen with:
* [[Pregnancy]]
** [[Growth]]
* Frequent blood donation
** [[Pregnancy]]
** Frequent blood donation


====Pathological====
*Conditions promoting blood loss leads to an increased demand of iron by the body. These include:
** Menstruation
** Gastrointestinal tract disorders such as:
**:*Bleeding from the [[gastrointestinal tract]] ([[peptic ulcers]]
**:*[[Hemorrhoid]]s
**:*[[Esophageal varices]]
**:*NSAIDs ([[aspirin]],[[ibuprofen]]
**:*Cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or colon
**:*[[Hookworm]]s
**[[Genitourinary tract]] disorders such as:
**:*Glomerulonephritis
**:*Renal calculi
** Hemoptysis (alveolar hemorrhage)
**Nosocomial blood loss: phlebotomy for diagnostic tests in hospitalized patients
**Following gastric or small bowel surgery: due to loss of gastric acidity, increased transit time for food, and decreased absorption of iron


=====Blood Loss=====
*Conditions leading to impaired iron absorption
* Menstruation
**[[Celiac disease]]
* Gastrointestinal tract (bleeding from the [[gastrointestinal tract]] ([[ulcers]], [[hemorrhoid]]s, [[Esophageal varices]], The use of [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]], or [[Arthritis (patient information)|arthritis]] medicines for a long time, Cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or colon)
**Tropical sprue
** Food sensitivity
**[[Gastric surgery]]
** [[Hookworm]]s
* [[Genitourinary tract]]
* [[Respiratory tract]] (Rarely [[laryngological]] bleeding or from the [[respiratory tract]])
* Hemoptysis (alveolar hemorrhage)
* Blood donation
* Nosocomial blood loss: phlebotomy for diagnostic tests in hospitalized patients
* Following gastric or small bowel surgery: due to loss of gastric acidity, increased transit time for food, and decreased absorption of iron
 
===Inadequate Iron Absorption===
* Dietary deficiency
* Impaired absorption ([[Celiac disease]], [[Crohn's disease]])
** Intestinal malabsorption
** [[Gastric surgery]]
** [[Hypochorhydria]]
** [[Hypochorhydria]]
*Taking too many antacids that contain [[calcium]]
**Taking too many antacids that contain [[calcium]]
 
**Whipple disease
 
**Kwashiorkor disease
celiac disease
**Alcoholism
tropical sprue
Crohn’s disease
Whipple disease
Kwashiorkor disease
Alcoholism
 
Less common causes
 
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: recurrent hemorrhage
 
Intravascular hemolysis: for example, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.


Iatrogenic causes such as frequent blood draws, particularly in hospitalized patients


inadequate diet in children (excessive consumption of whole cow's milk)
===Less common causes===
*Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: recurrent hemorrhage
*Intravascular hemolysis: for example, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
*Iatrogenic causes such as frequent blood draws, particularly in hospitalized patients
**Inadequate diet in children (excessive consumption of whole cow's milk)


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:07, 3 November 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akshun Kalia M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Causes

The cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome is unknown; however, iron deficiency anemia, genetic factors and nutritional deficiencies may play a role. Iron deficiency anemia is the most widely regarded cause of Plummer-Vinson syndrome and can be due to:

Common causes

Common causes of iron deficiency anemia associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome are:

  • Physiological conditions with increased iron requirements are seen with:
  • Conditions promoting blood loss leads to an increased demand of iron by the body. These include:
    • Menstruation
    • Gastrointestinal tract disorders such as:
    • Genitourinary tract disorders such as:
      • Glomerulonephritis
      • Renal calculi
    • Hemoptysis (alveolar hemorrhage)
    • Nosocomial blood loss: phlebotomy for diagnostic tests in hospitalized patients
    • Following gastric or small bowel surgery: due to loss of gastric acidity, increased transit time for food, and decreased absorption of iron


Less common causes

  • Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: recurrent hemorrhage
  • Intravascular hemolysis: for example, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
  • Iatrogenic causes such as frequent blood draws, particularly in hospitalized patients
    • Inadequate diet in children (excessive consumption of whole cow's milk)

References

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