Diffuse esophageal spasm surgery

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

The mainstay of treatment for DES is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with manometrically proven, symptomatic and those cases no responding to medical therapy

Indications

• Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of [disease name].

OR

• Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with [disease name]. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
  • [Indication 1]
  • [Indication 2]
  • [Indication 3]
• The mainstay of treatment for [disease name] is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
  • [Indication 1]
  • [Indication 2]
  • [Indication 3]

Surgery

• The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of [malignancy] at diagnosis.

OR

• Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for [disease or malignancy].