Sandbox:Cherry: Difference between revisions
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===prevention=== | ===prevention=== | ||
< | Primary | ||
Cessation of cigarette smoking: The risk of pancreatic cancer falls with cessation of cigarette smoking, which is one of the most important modifiable risk factors.<ref name="pmid25276995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL |title=[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Suisse |volume=10 |issue=440 |pages=1582–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25276995 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23921790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C |title=Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980 |journal=Ann. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2657–71 |year=2013 |pmid=23921790 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mdt301 |url=}}</ref> | |||
Smoking accounts for the incidence of pancreatic cancer in one-fourth of all cases.<ref name="pmid25276995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL |title=[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Suisse |volume=10 |issue=440 |pages=1582–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25276995 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates tumorigenesis, increasing metastasis and resistance to treatment, hence impacting survival in patients.<ref name="pmid25076322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toki MI, Syrigos KN, Saif MW |title=Risk determination for pancreatic cancer |journal=JOP |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=289–91 |year=2014 |pmid=25076322 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | |||
The risk of developing pancreatic cancer becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of cessation.<ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref> | |||
Cessation of alcohol | |||
Regular exercise: | |||
Obesity is considered as a potential risk factor for pancreatic cancer. | |||
Regular exercise decreases the risk of pancreatic cancer as compared to people living a sedentary lifestyle. | |||
Healthy diet: A healthy balanced diet doesn't exceed 2000 calories daily and includes the following: | |||
plenty of vegetables and fruits- blueberries, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes | |||
lean meat from fowl, fish and plant sources like nuts or whole grains | |||
monounsaturated fats help control insulin levels in type 2 diabetics | |||
Tuna, mackerel, salmon, and sardine are major sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids due to anticancer properties | |||
Poor diet: A poor diet includes the presence of the following: | |||
Food preservatives and additives | |||
Smoked meat | |||
Heavy alcohol use | |||
High cholesterol | |||
Red meat | |||
Low consumption of fruits and vegetables | |||
Saturated fatty acids | |||
Processed foods | |||
high-fat, high-protein diet | |||
Chemicals known as heterocyclic amines, nitrates, and heme iron, found in foods, are capable of damaging cells and DNA, influencing cancerogenic processes | |||
Aging: Aging is associated with the development of pancreatic cancer. | |||
Regular exercise, healthy lifestyle and diet can slow down aging and decrease the risk of development of cancer. | |||
Secondary | |||
Diet: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to pancreatic duct obstruction by the tumor may lead to malabsorption. | |||
Malabsorption in patients presents with anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea. | |||
Pancreatic enzyme supplementation and avoidance of high-protein/high-fat diets improve symptoms in patients. | |||
Revision as of 17:09, 14 November 2017
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Pancreatic cancer Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]
Treatment Options by Stage
Stages I and II Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of stage I and stage II pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Surgery alone.
- Surgery with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Stage III Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of stage III pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
- Chemotherapy with gemcitabine.
Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of stage IV pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Chemotherapy with gemcitabine with or without erlotinib.
- Palliative treatments for pain, such as nerve blocks, and other supportive care.
- Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
Treatment Options for Recurrent Pancreatic Cancer
Treatment of recurrent pancreatic cancer may include the following:
- Chemotherapy.
- Palliative surgery or stent placement to bypass blocked areas in ducts or the small intestine.
- Palliative radiation therapy.
- Other palliative medical care to reduce symptoms, such as nerve blocks to relieve pain.
prevention
Primary Cessation of cigarette smoking: The risk of pancreatic cancer falls with cessation of cigarette smoking, which is one of the most important modifiable risk factors.[1][2][3] Smoking accounts for the incidence of pancreatic cancer in one-fourth of all cases.[1] Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates tumorigenesis, increasing metastasis and resistance to treatment, hence impacting survival in patients.[4] The risk of developing pancreatic cancer becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of cessation.[2][5][6][7]
Cessation of alcohol
Regular exercise: Obesity is considered as a potential risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Regular exercise decreases the risk of pancreatic cancer as compared to people living a sedentary lifestyle.
Healthy diet: A healthy balanced diet doesn't exceed 2000 calories daily and includes the following: plenty of vegetables and fruits- blueberries, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes lean meat from fowl, fish and plant sources like nuts or whole grains monounsaturated fats help control insulin levels in type 2 diabetics Tuna, mackerel, salmon, and sardine are major sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids due to anticancer properties
Poor diet: A poor diet includes the presence of the following: Food preservatives and additives Smoked meat Heavy alcohol use High cholesterol Red meat Low consumption of fruits and vegetables Saturated fatty acids Processed foods high-fat, high-protein diet Chemicals known as heterocyclic amines, nitrates, and heme iron, found in foods, are capable of damaging cells and DNA, influencing cancerogenic processes
Aging: Aging is associated with the development of pancreatic cancer. Regular exercise, healthy lifestyle and diet can slow down aging and decrease the risk of development of cancer.
Secondary
Diet: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency due to pancreatic duct obstruction by the tumor may lead to malabsorption.
Malabsorption in patients presents with anorexia, weight loss, and diarrhea.
Pancreatic enzyme supplementation and avoidance of high-protein/high-fat diets improve symptoms in patients.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL (2014). "[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology]". Rev Med Suisse (in French). 10 (440): 1582–5. PMID 25276995.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P (2006). "Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 20 (2): 197–209. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001. PMID 16549324.
- ↑ Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C (2013). "Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980". Ann. Oncol. 24 (10): 2657–71. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt301. PMID 23921790.
- ↑ Toki MI, Syrigos KN, Saif MW (2014). "Risk determination for pancreatic cancer". JOP. 15 (4): 289–91. PMID 25076322.
- ↑ Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL (2004). "Pancreatic cancer". Lancet. 363 (9414): 1049–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8. PMID 15051286.
- ↑ Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P (2012). "Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology". Mol. Carcinog. 51 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1002/mc.20785. PMID 22162227.
- ↑ Landi S (2009). "Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature". Mutat. Res. 681 (2–3): 299–307. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001. PMID 19150414.