Pancreatic cancer primary prevention: Difference between revisions

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==Primary Prevention==
==Primary Prevention==
Primary
Prevention of pancreatic cancer involves avoiding the following risk factors:<ref>http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_pancreatic_cancer_be_prevented_34.asp?rnav=cri</ref>
Cessation of cigarette smoking: The risk of pancreatic cancer falls with cessation of cigarette smoking, which is one of the most important modifiable risk factors.<ref name="pmid25276995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL |title=[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Suisse |volume=10 |issue=440 |pages=1582–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25276995 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23921790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C |title=Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980 |journal=Ann. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2657–71 |year=2013 |pmid=23921790 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mdt301 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10616684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart AR |title=Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=75 |issue=887 |pages=521–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10616684 |pmc=1741344 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14749618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vimalachandran D, Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP |title=Genetics and prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Cancer Control |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |year=2004 |pmid=14749618 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14749618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vimalachandran D, Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP |title=Genetics and prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Cancer Control |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |year=2004 |pmid=14749618 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12670518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D |title=Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview |journal=Cancer Detect. Prev. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |year=2003 |pmid=12670518 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref>
Smoking accounts for the incidence of pancreatic cancer in one-fourth of all cases.<ref name="pmid25276995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL |title=[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Suisse |volume=10 |issue=440 |pages=1582–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25276995 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16127228">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu D, Kurosawa M, Lin Y, Inaba Y, Matsuba T, Kikuchi S, Yagyu K, Motohashi Y, Tamakoshi A |title=Overview of the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer focusing on the JACC Study |journal=J Epidemiol |volume=15 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S157–67 |year=2005 |pmid=16127228 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates tumorigenesis, increasing metastasis and resistance to treatment, hence impacting survival in patients.<ref name="pmid25076322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toki MI, Syrigos KN, Saif MW |title=Risk determination for pancreatic cancer |journal=JOP |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=289–91 |year=2014 |pmid=25076322 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
The risk of developing pancreatic cancer becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of cessation.<ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref>


==== Cessation of cigarette smoking: ====
** Smoking accounts for the incidence of pancreatic cancer in one-fourth of all cases.<ref name="pmid25276995">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL |title=[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology] |language=French |journal=Rev Med Suisse |volume=10 |issue=440 |pages=1582–5 |year=2014 |pmid=25276995 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16127228">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qiu D, Kurosawa M, Lin Y, Inaba Y, Matsuba T, Kikuchi S, Yagyu K, Motohashi Y, Tamakoshi A |title=Overview of the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer focusing on the JACC Study |journal=J Epidemiol |volume=15 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=S157–67 |year=2005 |pmid=16127228 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates tumorigenesis, increasing metastasis and resistance to treatment, hence impacting survival in patients.<ref name="pmid25076322">{{cite journal |vauthors=Toki MI, Syrigos KN, Saif MW |title=Risk determination for pancreatic cancer |journal=JOP |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=289–91 |year=2014 |pmid=25076322 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
** The risk of pancreatic cancer significantly falls with cessation of cigarette smoking.<ref name="pmid25276995" /><ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23921790">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C |title=Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980 |journal=Ann. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2657–71 |year=2013 |pmid=23921790 |doi=10.1093/annonc/mdt301 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10616684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart AR |title=Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=75 |issue=887 |pages=521–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10616684 |pmc=1741344 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14749618">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vimalachandran D, Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP |title=Genetics and prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Cancer Control |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6–14 |year=2004 |pmid=14749618 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12670518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D |title=Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview |journal=Cancer Detect. Prev. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |year=2003 |pmid=12670518 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref>
** The risk of developing pancreatic cancer becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of cessation.<ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref>


Regular exercise:  
==== Regular exercise and healthy diet: ====
Obesity is considered as a potential risk factor for pancreatic cancer.<ref name="pmid22162231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bracci PM |title=Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |year=2012 |pmid=22162231 |pmc=3348117 |doi=10.1002/mc.20778 |url=}}</ref>  
* Obesity is considered as a potential risk factor for pancreatic cancer.<ref name="pmid22162231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bracci PM |title=Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |year=2012 |pmid=22162231 |pmc=3348117 |doi=10.1002/mc.20778 |url=}}</ref>  
Regular exercise decreases the risk of pancreatic cancer as compared to people living a sedentary lifestyle.<ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25246281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kollarova H, Azeem K, Tomaskova H, Horakova D, Prochazka V, Martinek A, Shonova O, Sevcikova J, Sevcikova V, Janout V |title=Is physical activity a protective factor against pancreatic cancer? |journal=Bratisl Lek Listy |volume=115 |issue=8 |pages=474–8 |year=2014 |pmid=25246281 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Regular exercise decreases the risk of pancreatic cancer as compared to individuals having a sedentary lifestyle.<ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25246281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kollarova H, Azeem K, Tomaskova H, Horakova D, Prochazka V, Martinek A, Shonova O, Sevcikova J, Sevcikova V, Janout V |title=Is physical activity a protective factor against pancreatic cancer? |journal=Bratisl Lek Listy |volume=115 |issue=8 |pages=474–8 |year=2014 |pmid=25246281 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
 
* The American Cancer Society (ACS) has issued guidelines for diet and physical activity at both individual and community levels.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) has issued guidelines for diet and physical activity at individual and community levels.
* Diet:
Diet:
** A healthy balanced diet doesn't exceed 2000 calories daily and includes the following:<ref name="pmid10616684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart AR |title=Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=75 |issue=887 |pages=521–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10616684 |pmc=1741344 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12670518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D |title=Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview |journal=Cancer Detect. Prev. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |year=2003 |pmid=12670518 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28435395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD |title=Prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=30–34 |year=2017 |pmid=28435395 |pmc=5385470 |doi=10.5114/wo.2016.63043 |url=}}</ref>
A healthy balanced diet doesn't exceed 2000 calories daily and includes the following:<ref name="pmid10616684">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hart AR |title=Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention? |journal=Postgrad Med J |volume=75 |issue=887 |pages=521–6 |year=1999 |pmid=10616684 |pmc=1741344 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12670518">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D |title=Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview |journal=Cancer Detect. Prev. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=87–93 |year=2003 |pmid=12670518 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28435395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD |title=Prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=30–34 |year=2017 |pmid=28435395 |pmc=5385470 |doi=10.5114/wo.2016.63043 |url=}}</ref>
*** plenty of vegetables and fruits- blueberries, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes  
plenty of vegetables and fruits- blueberries, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes  
*** lean meat from fowl, fish and plant sources like nuts or whole grains  
lean meat from fowl, fish and plant sources like nuts or whole grains  
*** monounsaturated fats help control insulin levels in type 2 diabetics<ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref>  
monounsaturated fats help control insulin levels in type 2 diabetics<ref name="pmid19150414">{{cite journal |vauthors=Landi S |title=Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature |journal=Mutat. Res. |volume=681 |issue=2-3 |pages=299–307 |year=2009 |pmid=19150414 |doi=10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001 |url=}}</ref>  
*** Tuna, mackerel, salmon, and sardine are major sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids due to anticancer properties
Tuna, mackerel, salmon, and sardine are major sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids due to anticancer properties
 
Poor diet: A poor diet includes the presence of the following:<ref name="pmid22162231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bracci PM |title=Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |year=2012 |pmid=22162231 |pmc=3348117 |doi=10.1002/mc.20778 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28435395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD |title=Prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=30–34 |year=2017 |pmid=28435395 |pmc=5385470 |doi=10.5114/wo.2016.63043 |url=}}</ref>
Poor diet: A poor diet includes the presence of the following:<ref name="pmid22162231">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bracci PM |title=Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=53–63 |year=2012 |pmid=22162231 |pmc=3348117 |doi=10.1002/mc.20778 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16549324">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P |title=Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=197–209 |year=2006 |pmid=16549324 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28435395">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD |title=Prevention of pancreatic cancer |journal=Contemp Oncol (Pozn) |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=30–34 |year=2017 |pmid=28435395 |pmc=5385470 |doi=10.5114/wo.2016.63043 |url=}}</ref>
Food preservatives and additives
Food preservatives and additives
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Aging: Aging is associated with the development of pancreatic cancer.<ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref>  
Aging: Aging is associated with the development of pancreatic cancer.<ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15051286">{{cite journal |vauthors=Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL |title=Pancreatic cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1049–57 |year=2004 |pmid=15051286 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22162227">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P |title=Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology |journal=Mol. Carcinog. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=3–13 |year=2012 |pmid=22162227 |doi=10.1002/mc.20785 |url=}}</ref>  
:*Prevention of pancreatic cancer consists of avoiding risk factors when possible<ref>http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_pancreatic_cancer_be_prevented_34.asp?rnav=cri</ref>
::*[[Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is considered to be the most significant and avoidable risk factor for pancreatic cancer  
::*[[Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is considered to be the most significant and avoidable risk factor for pancreatic cancer  
::*Maintaining a healthy weight and exercising may be helpful
::*Maintaining a healthy weight and exercising may be helpful
::*The [[American Cancer Society]] recommends increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while decreasing red meat intake. This has been questioned by several research groups.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults.|journal=Cancer Causes Control. |date=2000 Dec|first=SS|last=Coughlin |coauthors=Calle EE, Patel AV, Thun MJ.|volume=11|issue=10|pages=915-23.|id=PMID 11142526 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref><ref> {{cite journal|title=A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States).|journal=Cancer Causes Control. |date=1993 Sep|first=W|last=Zheng |coauthors=et al|volume=4|issue=5|pages=477-82. |id=PMID 8218880 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref>In 2006 a large prospective cohort study of over 80,000 subjects failed to prove a definite association.<ref> {{cite journal|title=Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study.|journal=Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention|date=February 2006|first=Susanna|last=Larsson|coauthors=Niclas Håkansson, Ingmar Näslund, Leif Bergkvist and Alicja Wolk|volume=15|issue=|pages=301-305|id=PMID 16492919 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> The evidence in support of this lies mostly in small case-control studies.In September 2006, a long-term study concluded that taking [[Vitamin D]] can substantially cut the risk of pancreatic cancer (as well as other cancers) by up to 50%.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5334534.stm</ref><ref>http://www.webmd.com/content/article/127/116673.htm</ref><ref>http://www.forbes.com/forbeslife/health/feeds/hscout/2006/09/14/hscout534925.html</ref> More studies of this have been called for
::*The [[American Cancer Society]] recommends increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while decreasing red meat intake. This has been questioned by several research groups.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults.|journal=Cancer Causes Control. |date=2000 Dec|first=SS|last=Coughlin |coauthors=Calle EE, Patel AV, Thun MJ.|volume=11|issue=10|pages=915-23.|id=PMID 11142526 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States).|journal=Cancer Causes Control. |date=1993 Sep|first=W|last=Zheng |coauthors=et al|volume=4|issue=5|pages=477-82. |id=PMID 8218880 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref>In 2006 a large prospective cohort study of over 80,000 subjects failed to prove a definite association.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study.|journal=Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention|date=February 2006|first=Susanna|last=Larsson|coauthors=Niclas Håkansson, Ingmar Näslund, Leif Bergkvist and Alicja Wolk|volume=15|issue=|pages=301-305|id=PMID 16492919 |url=|format=|accessdate=2007-02-27}}</ref> The evidence in support of this lies mostly in small case-control studies.In September 2006, a long-term study concluded that taking [[Vitamin D]] can substantially cut the risk of pancreatic cancer (as well as other cancers) by up to 50%.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5334534.stm</ref><ref>http://www.webmd.com/content/article/127/116673.htm</ref><ref>http://www.forbes.com/forbeslife/health/feeds/hscout/2006/09/14/hscout534925.html</ref> More studies of this have been called for


::*Several studies, including one published June 1, 2007, indicate that B vitamins such as [[B12]], [[Vitamin B6|B6]], and [[folate]], can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer when consumed in food, but not when ingested in vitamin tablet form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/11/5553 |title=Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Homocysteine and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Four Large Cohorts -- Schernhammer et al. 67 (11): 5553 -- Cancer Research |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Consumer_Health_Daily/Briefing/2007/06/01/pancreatic_cancer_risk_cut_by_b6_b12/3712/ |title=United Press International - Consumer Health Daily - Briefing |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref>
::*Several studies, including one published June 1, 2007, indicate that B vitamins such as [[B12]], [[Vitamin B6|B6]], and [[folate]], can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer when consumed in food, but not when ingested in vitamin tablet form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/11/5553 |title=Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Homocysteine and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Four Large Cohorts -- Schernhammer et al. 67 (11): 5553 -- Cancer Research |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Consumer_Health_Daily/Briefing/2007/06/01/pancreatic_cancer_risk_cut_by_b6_b12/3712/ |title=United Press International - Consumer Health Daily - Briefing |accessdate=2007-06-04 |format= |work=}}</ref>

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2];Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3]

Overview

Research suggests that lifestyle factors such as change in diet, exercise, and maintenance of weight can influence the likelihood an individual developing pancreatic cancer.

Primary Prevention

Prevention of pancreatic cancer involves avoiding the following risk factors:[1]

Cessation of cigarette smoking:

    • Smoking accounts for the incidence of pancreatic cancer in one-fourth of all cases.[2][3]
    • Nicotine in cigarettes stimulates tumorigenesis, increasing metastasis and resistance to treatment, hence impacting survival in patients.[4]
    • The risk of pancreatic cancer significantly falls with cessation of cigarette smoking.[2][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
    • The risk of developing pancreatic cancer becomes almost equivalent to that of a nonsmoker after five years of cessation.[5][12][7][11]

Regular exercise and healthy diet:

  • Obesity is considered as a potential risk factor for pancreatic cancer.[13]
  • Regular exercise decreases the risk of pancreatic cancer as compared to individuals having a sedentary lifestyle.[7][14]
  • The American Cancer Society (ACS) has issued guidelines for diet and physical activity at both individual and community levels.
  • Diet:
    • A healthy balanced diet doesn't exceed 2000 calories daily and includes the following:[8][10][15]
      • plenty of vegetables and fruits- blueberries, spinach, broccoli, tomatoes
      • lean meat from fowl, fish and plant sources like nuts or whole grains
      • monounsaturated fats help control insulin levels in type 2 diabetics[11]
      • Tuna, mackerel, salmon, and sardine are major sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids due to anticancer properties

Poor diet: A poor diet includes the presence of the following:[13][5][15] Food preservatives and additives Smoked meat Heavy alcohol use High cholesterol Red meat Low consumption of fruits and vegetables Saturated fatty acids Processed foods high-fat, high-protein diet Chemicals known as heterocyclic amines, nitrates, and heme iron, found in foods, are capable of damaging cells and DNA, influencing cancerogenic processes

Aging: Aging is associated with the development of pancreatic cancer.[12][12][7]

  • Cigarette smoking is considered to be the most significant and avoidable risk factor for pancreatic cancer
  • Maintaining a healthy weight and exercising may be helpful
  • The American Cancer Society recommends increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while decreasing red meat intake. This has been questioned by several research groups.[16][17]In 2006 a large prospective cohort study of over 80,000 subjects failed to prove a definite association.[18] The evidence in support of this lies mostly in small case-control studies.In September 2006, a long-term study concluded that taking Vitamin D can substantially cut the risk of pancreatic cancer (as well as other cancers) by up to 50%.[19][20][21] More studies of this have been called for
  • Several studies, including one published June 1, 2007, indicate that B vitamins such as B12, B6, and folate, can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer when consumed in food, but not when ingested in vitamin tablet form.[22][23]

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_Can_pancreatic_cancer_be_prevented_34.asp?rnav=cri
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bochatay L, Girardin M, Bichard P, Frossard JL (2014). "[Pancreatic cancer in 2014: screening and epidemiology]". Rev Med Suisse (in French). 10 (440): 1582–5. PMID 25276995.
  3. ↑ Qiu D, Kurosawa M, Lin Y, Inaba Y, Matsuba T, Kikuchi S, Yagyu K, Motohashi Y, Tamakoshi A (2005). "Overview of the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer focusing on the JACC Study". J Epidemiol. 15 Suppl 2: S157–67. PMID 16127228.
  4. ↑ Toki MI, Syrigos KN, Saif MW (2014). "Risk determination for pancreatic cancer". JOP. 15 (4): 289–91. PMID 25076322.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P (2006). "Epidemiology and risk factors for pancreatic cancer". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 20 (2): 197–209. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2005.10.001. PMID 16549324.
  6. ↑ Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Malvezzi M, Levi F, Chatenoud L, Negri E, La Vecchia C (2013). "Cancer mortality in Europe, 2005-2009, and an overview of trends since 1980". Ann. Oncol. 24 (10): 2657–71. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt301. PMID 23921790.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Zeegers MP, Boffetta P (2012). "Pancreatic cancer: overview of descriptive epidemiology". Mol. Carcinog. 51 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1002/mc.20785. PMID 22162227.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hart AR (1999). "Pancreatic cancer: any prospects for prevention?". Postgrad Med J. 75 (887): 521–6. PMC 1741344. PMID 10616684.
  9. ↑ Vimalachandran D, Ghaneh P, Costello E, Neoptolemos JP (2004). "Genetics and prevention of pancreatic cancer". Cancer Control. 11 (1): 6–14. PMID 14749618.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Ghadirian P, Lynch HT, Krewski D (2003). "Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer: an overview". Cancer Detect. Prev. 27 (2): 87–93. PMID 12670518.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Landi S (2009). "Genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors to pancreatic cancer: A review of the literature". Mutat. Res. 681 (2–3): 299–307. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.12.001. PMID 19150414.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Li D, Xie K, Wolff R, Abbruzzese JL (2004). "Pancreatic cancer". Lancet. 363 (9414): 1049–57. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15841-8. PMID 15051286.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Bracci PM (2012). "Obesity and pancreatic cancer: overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms". Mol. Carcinog. 51 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1002/mc.20778. PMC 3348117. PMID 22162231.
  14. ↑ Kollarova H, Azeem K, Tomaskova H, Horakova D, Prochazka V, Martinek A, Shonova O, Sevcikova J, Sevcikova V, Janout V (2014). "Is physical activity a protective factor against pancreatic cancer?". Bratisl Lek Listy. 115 (8): 474–8. PMID 25246281.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kuroczycki-Saniutycz S, Grzeszczuk A, Zwierz ZW, Kołodziejczyk P, Szczesiul J, Zalewska-Szajda B, Ościłowicz K, Waszkiewicz N, Zwierz K, Szajda SD (2017). "Prevention of pancreatic cancer". Contemp Oncol (Pozn). 21 (1): 30–34. doi:10.5114/wo.2016.63043. PMC 5385470. PMID 28435395.
  16. ↑ Coughlin, SS (2000 Dec). "Predictors of pancreatic cancer mortality among a large cohort of United States adults". Cancer Causes Control. 11 (10): 915-23. PMID 11142526. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  17. ↑ Zheng, W (1993 Sep). "A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States)". Cancer Causes Control. 4 (5): 477-82. PMID 8218880. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  18. ↑ Larsson, Susanna (February 2006). "Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a prospective study". Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 15: 301–305. PMID 16492919. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  19. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5334534.stm
  20. ↑ http://www.webmd.com/content/article/127/116673.htm
  21. ↑ http://www.forbes.com/forbeslife/health/feeds/hscout/2006/09/14/hscout534925.html
  22. ↑ "Plasma Folate, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Homocysteine and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Four Large Cohorts -- Schernhammer et al. 67 (11): 5553 -- Cancer Research". Retrieved 2007-06-04.
  23. ↑ "United Press International - Consumer Health Daily - Briefing". Retrieved 2007-06-04.


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