Pancreatic cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Pancreatic cancer must be differentiated from [[choledocholithiasis]], [[pancreatic pseudocyst]], [[cystic neoplasm]] and [[carcinoma]] of the [[biliary tract]]
[[Pancreatic cancer]] must be differentiated from other pancreatic pathologies such as [[chronic pancreatitis]], [[autoimmune pancreatitis]], [[pancreatic pseudocyst]], [[choledocholithiasis]], and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Pathologies of the [[bile duct]] and [[duodenum]] such as [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Gallstone disease|gallstones]] ([[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]]), [[Bile duct cyst|Choledochal Cysts]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Bile duct]] [[Stenosis|strictures]] and [[Ampulla of Vater|ampullary]] cancer should be differentiated from [[pancreatic cancer]] based on [[imaging]] and [[biopsy]] findings. [[Metastasis]] from different sites and [[vascular]] causes such as [[Abdominal aortic aneurysm|abdominal aortic aneurysms]] may also mimic [[pancreatic cancer]].
==Differentiating Pancreatic Cancer from other Diseases==
==Differentiating Pancreatic Cancer from other Diseases==


The differentials for pancreatic cancer mainly involve pathologies of the pancreas, bile duct, duodenum, lymphovascular tissue or metastasis from other sites:<ref name="pmid29029521">{{cite journal |vauthors=He XK, Ding Y, Sun LM |title=Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: an updated meta-analysis |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=39 |pages=66392–66401 |year=2017 |pmid=29029521 |pmc=5630421 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.18915 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29022085">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steinman J, Zaheer A, Kluger MD, Remotti H, Hecht EM |title=Rare pancreatic tumors |journal=Abdom Radiol (NY) |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29022085 |doi=10.1007/s00261-017-1342-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28700485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ran L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Bu H |title=Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of solid lesions of pancreas (SLP): A systematic review and a meta-analysis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=96 |issue=28 |pages=e7463 |year=2017 |pmid=28700485 |pmc=5515757 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000007463 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28216481">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kołodziejczyk E, Wejnarska K, Oracz G |title=Autoimmune pancreatitis in the paediatric population - review of the literature and own experience |journal=Dev Period Med |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=279–286 |year=2016 |pmid=28216481 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28197876">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhu L, Xue HD, Liu W, Wang X, Sui X, Wang Q, Zhang D, Li P, Jin ZY |title=Enhancing pancreatic mass with normal serum CA19-9: key MDCT features to characterize pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours from its mimics |journal=Radiol Med |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=337–344 |year=2017 |pmid=28197876 |doi=10.1007/s11547-017-0734-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28154274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sano I, Katanuma A, Yane K, Kin T, Nagai K, Yamazaki H, Koga H, Kitagawa K, Yokoyama K, Ikarashi S, Takahashi K, Maguchi H, Omori Y, Shinohara T |title=Pancreatic Metastasis from Rectal Cancer that was Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=301–305 |year=2017 |pmid=28154274 |pmc=5348454 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7213 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27926362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salaria SN, Shi C |title=Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors |journal=Surg Pathol Clin |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=595–617 |year=2016 |pmid=27926362 |doi=10.1016/j.path.2016.05.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27803081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawasaki K, Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki Y, Tanaka N |title=Renal neuroendocrine tumour and synchronous pancreas metastasis: histopathological diagnosis using prostatic acid phosphatase |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27803081 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-214759 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27673319">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nassour I, Choti MA |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=12 |pages=1326 |year=2016 |pmid=27673319 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9130 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28418702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Javadi S, Menias CO, Korivi BR, Shaaban AM, Patnana M, Alhalabi K, Elsayes KM |title=Pancreatic Calcifications and Calcified Pancreatic Masses: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=209 |issue=1 |pages=77–87 |year=2017 |pmid=28418702 |doi=10.2214/AJR.17.17862 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27807633">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergmann F |title=[Pancreatic acinar neoplasms : Comparative molecular characterization] |language=German |journal=Pathologe |volume=37 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=191–195 |year=2016 |pmid=27807633 |doi=10.1007/s00292-016-0235-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27232353">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng SK, Chuah KL |title=Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Pancreas: A Review |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=598–602 |year=2016 |pmid=27232353 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2015-0135-RS |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27000276">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haage P, Schwartz CA, Scharwächter C |title=[Ductal adenocarcinoma and unusual differential diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Radiologe |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=325–37 |year=2016 |pmid=27000276 |doi=10.1007/s00117-016-0090-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26777740">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scialpi M, Reginelli A, D'Andrea A, Gravante S, Falcone G, Baccari P, Manganaro L, Palumbo B, Cappabianca S |title=Pancreatic tumors imaging: An update |journal=Int J Surg |volume=28 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S142–55 |year=2016 |pmid=26777740 |doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.053 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25799073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Senosiain Lalastra C, Foruny Olcina JR |title=[Autoimmune pancreatitis] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=549–55 |year=2015 |pmid=25799073 |doi=10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.01.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25638877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbier L, Delpero JR |title=[Pancreatic tumours] |language=French |journal=Rev Prat |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=1307–12 |year=2014 |pmid=25638877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25288201">{{cite journal |vauthors=Díte P, Uvírová M, Bojková M, Novotný I, Dvorácková J, Kianicka B, Nechutová H, Dovrtelová L, Floreánová K, Martínek A |title=Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer |journal=Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=247–53 |year=2014 |pmid=25288201 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25063236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lalwani N, Mannelli L, Ganeshan DM, Shanbhogue AK, Dighe MK, Tiwari HA, Maximin S, Monti S, Ragucci M, Prasad SR |title=Uncommon pancreatic tumors and pseudotumors |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=167–80 |year=2015 |pmid=25063236 |doi=10.1007/s00261-014-0189-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24572485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dite P, Nechutova H, Uvirova M, Dvorackova J, Kianicka B, Martinek A |title=Autoimmune pancreatitis |journal=Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=17–22 |year=2014 |pmid=24572485 |doi=10.5507/bp.2013.094 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24242859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mastoraki A, Tzortzopoulou A, Tsela S, Danias N, Sakorafas G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N |title=Hereditary pancreatitis: dilemmas in differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach |journal=J Gastrointest Cancer |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=22–6 |year=2014 |pmid=24242859 |doi=10.1007/s12029-013-9559-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24193862">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beyer G, Menzel J, Krüger PC, Ribback S, Lerch MM, Mayerle J |title=[Autoimmune pancreatitis] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |volume=138 |issue=46 |pages=2359–70; quiz 2371–4 |year=2013 |pmid=24193862 |doi=10.1055/s-0033-1349475 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24060833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Hawary MM, Kaza RK, Azar SF, Ruma JA, Francis IR |title=Mimics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |journal=Cancer Imaging |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=342–9 |year=2013 |pmid=24060833 |pmc=3800430 |doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2013.9012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23918083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bednar F, Scheiman JM, McKenna BJ, Simeone DM |title=Breast cancer metastases to the pancreas |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=1826–31 |year=2013 |pmid=23918083 |doi=10.1007/s11605-013-2291-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23852141">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP |title=Chronic pancreatitis |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=531–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23852141 |pmc=4387887 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283639370 |url=}}</ref>
The differentials for pancreatic cancer mainly involve pathologies of the [[pancreas]], [[bile duct]], [[duodenum]], lymphovascular tissue or [[metastasis]] from other sites:<ref name="pmid29029521">{{cite journal |vauthors=He XK, Ding Y, Sun LM |title=Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: an updated meta-analysis |journal=Oncotarget |volume=8 |issue=39 |pages=66392–66401 |year=2017 |pmid=29029521 |pmc=5630421 |doi=10.18632/oncotarget.18915 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29022085">{{cite journal |vauthors=Steinman J, Zaheer A, Kluger MD, Remotti H, Hecht EM |title=Rare pancreatic tumors |journal=Abdom Radiol (NY) |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2017 |pmid=29022085 |doi=10.1007/s00261-017-1342-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28700485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ran L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Bu H |title=Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of solid lesions of pancreas (SLP): A systematic review and a meta-analysis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=96 |issue=28 |pages=e7463 |year=2017 |pmid=28700485 |pmc=5515757 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000007463 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28216481">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kołodziejczyk E, Wejnarska K, Oracz G |title=Autoimmune pancreatitis in the paediatric population - review of the literature and own experience |journal=Dev Period Med |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=279–286 |year=2016 |pmid=28216481 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28197876">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhu L, Xue HD, Liu W, Wang X, Sui X, Wang Q, Zhang D, Li P, Jin ZY |title=Enhancing pancreatic mass with normal serum CA19-9: key MDCT features to characterize pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours from its mimics |journal=Radiol Med |volume=122 |issue=5 |pages=337–344 |year=2017 |pmid=28197876 |doi=10.1007/s11547-017-0734-x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28154274">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sano I, Katanuma A, Yane K, Kin T, Nagai K, Yamazaki H, Koga H, Kitagawa K, Yokoyama K, Ikarashi S, Takahashi K, Maguchi H, Omori Y, Shinohara T |title=Pancreatic Metastasis from Rectal Cancer that was Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=301–305 |year=2017 |pmid=28154274 |pmc=5348454 |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7213 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27926362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salaria SN, Shi C |title=Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors |journal=Surg Pathol Clin |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=595–617 |year=2016 |pmid=27926362 |doi=10.1016/j.path.2016.05.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27803081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kawasaki K, Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki Y, Tanaka N |title=Renal neuroendocrine tumour and synchronous pancreas metastasis: histopathological diagnosis using prostatic acid phosphatase |journal=BMJ Case Rep |volume=2016 |issue= |pages= |year=2016 |pmid=27803081 |doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-214759 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27673319">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nassour I, Choti MA |title=Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms |journal=JAMA |volume=316 |issue=12 |pages=1326 |year=2016 |pmid=27673319 |doi=10.1001/jama.2016.9130 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28418702">{{cite journal |vauthors=Javadi S, Menias CO, Korivi BR, Shaaban AM, Patnana M, Alhalabi K, Elsayes KM |title=Pancreatic Calcifications and Calcified Pancreatic Masses: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT |journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol |volume=209 |issue=1 |pages=77–87 |year=2017 |pmid=28418702 |doi=10.2214/AJR.17.17862 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27807633">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergmann F |title=[Pancreatic acinar neoplasms : Comparative molecular characterization] |language=German |journal=Pathologe |volume=37 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=191–195 |year=2016 |pmid=27807633 |doi=10.1007/s00292-016-0235-z |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27232353">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng SK, Chuah KL |title=Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Pancreas: A Review |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=140 |issue=6 |pages=598–602 |year=2016 |pmid=27232353 |doi=10.5858/arpa.2015-0135-RS |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27000276">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haage P, Schwartz CA, Scharwächter C |title=[Ductal adenocarcinoma and unusual differential diagnosis] |language=German |journal=Radiologe |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=325–37 |year=2016 |pmid=27000276 |doi=10.1007/s00117-016-0090-1 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26777740">{{cite journal |vauthors=Scialpi M, Reginelli A, D'Andrea A, Gravante S, Falcone G, Baccari P, Manganaro L, Palumbo B, Cappabianca S |title=Pancreatic tumors imaging: An update |journal=Int J Surg |volume=28 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S142–55 |year=2016 |pmid=26777740 |doi=10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.053 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25799073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Senosiain Lalastra C, Foruny Olcina JR |title=[Autoimmune pancreatitis] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Gastroenterol Hepatol |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=549–55 |year=2015 |pmid=25799073 |doi=10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.01.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25638877">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbier L, Delpero JR |title=[Pancreatic tumours] |language=French |journal=Rev Prat |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=1307–12 |year=2014 |pmid=25638877 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25288201">{{cite journal |vauthors=Díte P, Uvírová M, Bojková M, Novotný I, Dvorácková J, Kianicka B, Nechutová H, Dovrtelová L, Floreánová K, Martínek A |title=Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer |journal=Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=247–53 |year=2014 |pmid=25288201 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25063236">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lalwani N, Mannelli L, Ganeshan DM, Shanbhogue AK, Dighe MK, Tiwari HA, Maximin S, Monti S, Ragucci M, Prasad SR |title=Uncommon pancreatic tumors and pseudotumors |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=167–80 |year=2015 |pmid=25063236 |doi=10.1007/s00261-014-0189-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24572485">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dite P, Nechutova H, Uvirova M, Dvorackova J, Kianicka B, Martinek A |title=Autoimmune pancreatitis |journal=Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub |volume=158 |issue=1 |pages=17–22 |year=2014 |pmid=24572485 |doi=10.5507/bp.2013.094 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24242859">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mastoraki A, Tzortzopoulou A, Tsela S, Danias N, Sakorafas G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N |title=Hereditary pancreatitis: dilemmas in differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach |journal=J Gastrointest Cancer |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=22–6 |year=2014 |pmid=24242859 |doi=10.1007/s12029-013-9559-6 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24193862">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beyer G, Menzel J, Krüger PC, Ribback S, Lerch MM, Mayerle J |title=[Autoimmune pancreatitis] |language=German |journal=Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. |volume=138 |issue=46 |pages=2359–70; quiz 2371–4 |year=2013 |pmid=24193862 |doi=10.1055/s-0033-1349475 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24060833">{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Hawary MM, Kaza RK, Azar SF, Ruma JA, Francis IR |title=Mimics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma |journal=Cancer Imaging |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=342–9 |year=2013 |pmid=24060833 |pmc=3800430 |doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2013.9012 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23918083">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bednar F, Scheiman JM, McKenna BJ, Simeone DM |title=Breast cancer metastases to the pancreas |journal=J. Gastrointest. Surg. |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=1826–31 |year=2013 |pmid=23918083 |doi=10.1007/s11605-013-2291-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23852141">{{cite journal |vauthors=DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP |title=Chronic pancreatitis |journal=Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=531–6 |year=2013 |pmid=23852141 |pmc=4387887 |doi=10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283639370 |url=}}</ref>
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Pancreatic cancer must be differentiated from other pancreatic pathologies such as chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocyst, choledocholithiasis, and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Pathologies of the bile duct and duodenum such as Choledocholithiasis, gallstones (Cholelithiasis), Choledochal Cysts, Cholangiocarcinoma, Bile duct strictures and ampullary cancer should be differentiated from pancreatic cancer based on imaging and biopsy findings. Metastasis from different sites and vascular causes such as abdominal aortic aneurysms may also mimic pancreatic cancer.

Differentiating Pancreatic Cancer from other Diseases

The differentials for pancreatic cancer mainly involve pathologies of the pancreas, bile duct, duodenum, lymphovascular tissue or metastasis from other sites:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Origin Disease Differentiation based on Investigations
Pancreas
  • Imaging: Non-contrast helical CT
  • Biopsy findings
  • Serum IgG4 levels for autoimmune pancreatitis
  • For pancreatic NETs:
Bile duct
Duodenum
Lymphovascular

tissue

Metastasis

References

  1. ↑ He XK, Ding Y, Sun LM (2017). "Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: an updated meta-analysis". Oncotarget. 8 (39): 66392–66401. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18915. PMC 5630421. PMID 29029521.
  2. ↑ Steinman J, Zaheer A, Kluger MD, Remotti H, Hecht EM (2017). "Rare pancreatic tumors". Abdom Radiol (NY). doi:10.1007/s00261-017-1342-x. PMID 29022085.
  3. ↑ Ran L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Bu H (2017). "Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of solid lesions of pancreas (SLP): A systematic review and a meta-analysis". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (28): e7463. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007463. PMC 5515757. PMID 28700485.
  4. ↑ Kołodziejczyk E, Wejnarska K, Oracz G (2016). "Autoimmune pancreatitis in the paediatric population - review of the literature and own experience". Dev Period Med. 20 (4): 279–286. PMID 28216481.
  5. ↑ Zhu L, Xue HD, Liu W, Wang X, Sui X, Wang Q, Zhang D, Li P, Jin ZY (2017). "Enhancing pancreatic mass with normal serum CA19-9: key MDCT features to characterize pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours from its mimics". Radiol Med. 122 (5): 337–344. doi:10.1007/s11547-017-0734-x. PMID 28197876.
  6. ↑ Sano I, Katanuma A, Yane K, Kin T, Nagai K, Yamazaki H, Koga H, Kitagawa K, Yokoyama K, Ikarashi S, Takahashi K, Maguchi H, Omori Y, Shinohara T (2017). "Pancreatic Metastasis from Rectal Cancer that was Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA)". Intern. Med. 56 (3): 301–305. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7213. PMC 5348454. PMID 28154274.
  7. ↑ Salaria SN, Shi C (2016). "Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors". Surg Pathol Clin. 9 (4): 595–617. doi:10.1016/j.path.2016.05.006. PMID 27926362.
  8. ↑ Kawasaki K, Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki Y, Tanaka N (2016). "Renal neuroendocrine tumour and synchronous pancreas metastasis: histopathological diagnosis using prostatic acid phosphatase". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-214759. PMID 27803081.
  9. ↑ Nassour I, Choti MA (2016). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms". JAMA. 316 (12): 1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9130. PMID 27673319.
  10. ↑ Javadi S, Menias CO, Korivi BR, Shaaban AM, Patnana M, Alhalabi K, Elsayes KM (2017). "Pancreatic Calcifications and Calcified Pancreatic Masses: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209 (1): 77–87. doi:10.2214/AJR.17.17862. PMID 28418702.
  11. ↑ Bergmann F (2016). "[Pancreatic acinar neoplasms : Comparative molecular characterization]". Pathologe (in German). 37 (Suppl 2): 191–195. doi:10.1007/s00292-016-0235-z. PMID 27807633.
  12. ↑ Cheng SK, Chuah KL (2016). "Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Pancreas: A Review". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 140 (6): 598–602. doi:10.5858/arpa.2015-0135-RS. PMID 27232353.
  13. ↑ Haage P, Schwartz CA, Scharwächter C (2016). "[Ductal adenocarcinoma and unusual differential diagnosis]". Radiologe (in German). 56 (4): 325–37. doi:10.1007/s00117-016-0090-1. PMID 27000276.
  14. ↑ Scialpi M, Reginelli A, D'Andrea A, Gravante S, Falcone G, Baccari P, Manganaro L, Palumbo B, Cappabianca S (2016). "Pancreatic tumors imaging: An update". Int J Surg. 28 Suppl 1: S142–55. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.053. PMID 26777740.
  15. ↑ Senosiain Lalastra C, Foruny Olcina JR (2015). "[Autoimmune pancreatitis]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish; Castilian). 38 (9): 549–55. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.01.006. PMID 25799073.
  16. ↑ Barbier L, Delpero JR (2014). "[Pancreatic tumours]". Rev Prat (in French). 64 (9): 1307–12. PMID 25638877.
  17. ↑ Díte P, Uvírová M, Bojková M, Novotný I, Dvorácková J, Kianicka B, Nechutová H, Dovrtelová L, Floreánová K, Martínek A (2014). "Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer". Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 60 (4): 247–53. PMID 25288201.
  18. ↑ Lalwani N, Mannelli L, Ganeshan DM, Shanbhogue AK, Dighe MK, Tiwari HA, Maximin S, Monti S, Ragucci M, Prasad SR (2015). "Uncommon pancreatic tumors and pseudotumors". Abdom Imaging. 40 (1): 167–80. doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0189-7. PMID 25063236.
  19. ↑ Dite P, Nechutova H, Uvirova M, Dvorackova J, Kianicka B, Martinek A (2014). "Autoimmune pancreatitis". Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 158 (1): 17–22. doi:10.5507/bp.2013.094. PMID 24572485.
  20. ↑ Mastoraki A, Tzortzopoulou A, Tsela S, Danias N, Sakorafas G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N (2014). "Hereditary pancreatitis: dilemmas in differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach". J Gastrointest Cancer. 45 (1): 22–6. doi:10.1007/s12029-013-9559-6. PMID 24242859.
  21. ↑ Beyer G, Menzel J, Krüger PC, Ribback S, Lerch MM, Mayerle J (2013). "[Autoimmune pancreatitis]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 138 (46): 2359–70, quiz 2371–4. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1349475. PMID 24193862.
  22. ↑ Al-Hawary MM, Kaza RK, Azar SF, Ruma JA, Francis IR (2013). "Mimics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma". Cancer Imaging. 13 (3): 342–9. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2013.9012. PMC 3800430. PMID 24060833.
  23. ↑ Bednar F, Scheiman JM, McKenna BJ, Simeone DM (2013). "Breast cancer metastases to the pancreas". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 17 (10): 1826–31. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2291-5. PMID 23918083.
  24. ↑ DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP (2013). "Chronic pancreatitis". Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 29 (5): 531–6. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283639370. PMC 4387887. PMID 23852141.

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