Pancreatic cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 02:03, 16 November 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Pancreatic cancer must be differentiated from other pancreatic pathologies such as chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, pancreatic pseudocyst, and neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Pathologies of the bile duct and duodenum such as Choledocholithiasis, gallstones (Cholelithiasis), Choledochal Cysts, Cholangiocarcinoma, Bile duct strictures and ampullary cancer should be differentiated from pancreatic cancer based on imaging and biopsy findings. Metastasis from different sites and vascular causes such as abdominal aortic aneurysms may also mimic pancreatic cancer.

Differentiating Pancreatic Cancer from other Diseases

The differentials for pancreatic cancer mainly involve pathologies of the pancreas, bile duct, duodenum, lymphovascular tissue or metastasis from other sites. It is difficult to differentiate pancreatic cancer from other neoplasms as they all present with non specific constitutional symptoms. Hence, differentiation is primarily based on investigations:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]

Origin	Disease	Differentiation based on Investigations
Pancreas	Chronic pancreatitis Autoimmune pancreatitis Pseudocyst of pancreas Pancreatic cyst Neuroendocrine tumors of pancreas Gastrinoma VIPoma Somatostatinoma Insulinoma	Imaging: Non-contrast helical CT Biopsy findings Serum IgG4 levels for autoimmune pancreatitis For pancreatic NETs: Gastrin levels Somatostatin levels Insulin levels Serum electrolytes
Bile duct	Choledocholithiasis Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Choledochal Cysts Cholangiocarcinoma Bile duct strictures Cholangitis Cholecystitis	Imaging: MRI MRCP USG bile duct ERCP Biopsy findings
Duodenum	Ampullary cancer Duodenal cancer	Imaging: MRI ERCP Upper GI Endoscopy Biopsy findings
Lymphovascular tissue	Abdominal aortic aneurysm Intestinal ischemia Lymphomas Gastric Pancreatic	Imaging: MRI MR Angiography CT Angiography Biopsy for lymphoma
Metastasis	Skin(Melanoma) Kidney Breast Colon Liver(Hepatocellular carcinoma) Stomach	Imaging: MRI PET scan CT Biopsy Specific markers for different cancers: HCC: AFP Breast: BRCA 1 and 2 Colon cancer: CEA Melanoma: S100

Pancreatic cancer may also be distinguished from other causes of abdominal pain and jaundice as depicted in the table below:

Classification of acute abdomen based on etiology			Disease	Clinical manifestations								Diagnosis		Comments
				Symptoms				Signs				Diagnosis
				Fever	Rigors and chills	Abdominal Pain	Jaundice	Hypo- tension	Guarding	Rebound Tenderness	Bowel sounds	Lab Findings	Imaging
Abdominal causes	Inflammatory causes	Pancreato-biliary disorders	Acute suppurative cholangitis	+	+	RUQ	+	+	+	+	N	Abnormal LFT WBC >10,000	Ultrasound shows biliary dilatation/stents/tumor	Septic shock occurs with features of SIRS
			Acute cholangitis	+	−	RUQ	+	−	−	−	N	Abnormal LFT	Ultrasound shows biliary dilatation/stents/tumor	Biliary drainage (ERCP) + IV antibiotics
			Acute cholecystitis	+	−	RUQ	+	−	−	−	Hypoactive	Hyperbilirubinemia Leukocytosis	Ultrasound shows gallstone and evidence of inflammation	Murphy’s sign
			Acute pancreatitis	+	−	Epigastric	±	±	−	−	N	Increased amylase / lipase	Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation	Pain radiation to back
			Primary biliary cirrhosis	−	−	RUQ/Epigastric	+	−	−	−	N	Increased AMA level, abnormal LFTs
			Primary sclerosing cholangitis	+	−	RUQ	+	−	−	−	N	Increased liver enzymes Increased IgM, IgG4 Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) Anti-smooth muscle antibody (Anti-Sm) Anti-endothelial antibody Anti-cardiolipin antibody
			Cholelithiasis	±	−	RUQ/Epigastric	±	−	+	+	N to hyperactive for dislodged stone	Leukocytosis	Ultrasound shows gallstone	Murphy’s sign
			Pancreatic cancer	−	−	Epigastric	±	−	−	−	N	Elevated serum bilirubin (conjugated and total) Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels Elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels Normal/elevated aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase Serum amylase and/or lipase levels are normal/elevated mild normocytic normochromic anemia Thrombocytosis	CT shows morphological changes of the gland Destruction of the peripancreatic fat and loss of the sharp margins with surrounding structures Involvement of the regional lymph nodes and adjacent vasculature Pancreatic ductal dilatation Pancreatic atrophy Obstruction of the common bile duct (CBD) USG shows: ill defined hypoechoic mass is seen infiltrating into a bright pancreatic parenchyma EUS-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) is the best modality for obtaining a tissue diagnosis.	Signs of metastatic disease include: Left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy (Virchow's node) Palpable periumbilical mass (Sister Mary Joseph's node) Metastatic palpable mass in the rectal pouch (Blumer's shelf) Involvement of other nodes in the cervical area
		Gastric causes	Peptic ulcer disease	±	−	Diffuse	−	+ in perforated	+	+	N	Ascitic fluid LDH > serum LDH Glucose < 50mg/dl Total protein > 1g/dl	Air under diaphragm in upright CXR	Upper GI endoscopy for diagnosis
			Gastritis	±	−	Epigastric
			Gastroesophageal reflux disease	−	−	Epigastric	−	−	−	−
			Gastric outlet obstruction	−	−	Epigastric	−	±			Hyperactive
			Gastrointestinal perforation	+	±	Diffuse	±	+	+	±		WBC> 10,000	Air under diaphragm in upright CXR
		Intestinal causes	Acute appendicitis	+	+in pyogenic appendicitis	Starts in epigastrium, migrates to RLQ	−	+ in perforated appendicitis	+	+	Hypoactive	Leukocytosis	Ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation	Nausea & vomiting, decreased appetite
			Acute diverticulitis	+	±	LLQ	−	−	+	−	Hypoactive	Leukocytosis	CT scan and ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation
			Inflammatory bowel disease	±	−	Diffuse
			Irritable bowel syndrome	±	−	Diffuse	−	−	−	−	N	Tests done to exclude other diseases as it diagnosis of exclusion	Tests done to exclude other diseases as it diagnosis of exclusion	Symptomatic treatment High dietary fiber Osmotic laxatives Antispasmodic drugs
			Whipple's disease	±	−	Diffuse	±	±	−	−	N	Thrombocytopenia Hypoalbuminemia Small intestinal biopsy for Tropheryma whipplei	*Endoscopy is used to confirm diagnosis. Images used to find complications Chest and joint x-ray CT MRI Echocardiography	Extra intestinal findings: Uveitis Endocarditis Encephalitis Dementia Hepatosplenomegaly Arthritis Ascites
			Toxic megacolon	+	−	Diffuse	−	+	±	−	Hypoactive
			Tropical sprue	+	−	Diffuse
			Celiac disease	−	−	Diffuse	±, also dermatitis herpetiformis	−	−	−	Hyperactive (increased sounds)	IgA endomysial antibody IgA tissue transglutaminase antibody Anti-gliadin antibody
		Hepatic causes	Viral hepatitis	+	−	RUQ	+	−		+
			Liver masses	+	+ in Liver abscess	RUQ	±	+ in sepsis
			Budd-Chiari syndrome	±	−	RUQ		−
			Hemochromatosis	−	−	RUQ	Dull / aching	+ in cirrhotic patients	may be in cardicmyopathy	−	−	>60% TS >240 μg/L SF Raised LFT Hyperglycemia	Ultrasound shows evidence of cirrhosis	Extra intestinal findings: hyperpigmentation Diabetes mellitus Arthralgia Impotence in males Cardiomyopathy Atherosclerosis Hypopituitarism Hypothyroidism Extrahepatic cancer Prone to specific infections
			Cirrhosis	+	−	RUQ	+	−
		Peritoneal causes	Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	+	−	Diffuse	+ in cirrhotic patients	±	−	−	Hypoactive	Ascitic fluid PMN>250 cells/mm³ Culture: Positive for single organism	Ultrasound for evaluation of liver cirrhosis
	Hollow Viscous Obstruction		Small intestine obstruction	−	−	Diffuse	−	−	+	±	Hyperactive then absent	Leukocytosis	Abdominal X ray	Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention
			Volvulus	−	−	Diffuse	−	−	+	−	Hypoactive	Leukocytosis	CT scan and abdominal X ray	Nausea & vomiting associated with constipation, abdominal distention
			Biliary colic	−	−	RUQ	+	−	−	−	N	Increased bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase	Ultrasound	Nausea & vomiting
			Renal colic	−	−	Flank pain	−	−	−	−	N	Hematuria	CT scan and ultrasound	Colicky abdominal pain associated with nausea & vomiting
	Vascular Disorders	Ischemic causes	Mesenteric ischemia	±	−	Periumbilical	−	±	−	−	Hyperactive	Leukocytosis and lactic acidosis	CT scan	Nausea & vomiting, normal physical examination
		Ischemic causes	Acute ischemic colitis	±	±	Diffuse	−		+	+	Hyperactive then absent	Leukocytosis	CT scan	Nausea & vomiting
		Hemorrhagic causes	Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	−	−	Diffuse	−	+	−	−	N	Normal	CT scan	Unstable hemodynamics
		Hemorrhagic causes	Intra-abdominal or retroperitoneal hemorrhage	−	−	Diffuse	−	+	−	−	N	Anemia	CT scan	History of trauma
	Gynaecological Causes	Tubal causes	Torsion of the cyst	−	−	RLQ / LLQ	−		±	±	N	Increased ESR and CRP	Ultrasound	Sudden onset sever pain with nausea and vomiting
			Acute salpingitis	+	±	RLQ / LLQ	−	−	±	±	N	Leukocytosis	Pelvic ultrasound	Vaginal discharge
			Cyst rupture	−	−	RLQ / LLQ	−	+	±	±	N	Increased ESR and CRP	Ultrasound	Sudden onset sever pain with nausea and vomiting
		Pregnancy	Ruptured ectopic pregnancy	−	−	RLQ / LLQ	−	+	−	−	N	Positive pregnancy test	Ultrasound	History of missed period and vaginal bleeding
Extra-abdominal causes	Pulmonary disorders	Pleural empyema		+	±	RUQ/Epigastric	−	−	−	−	N
Extra-abdominal causes	Cardiovascular disorders	Myocardial Infarction		−	−	Epigastric	−	+ in cardiogenic shock	−	−	N

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References

↑ He XK, Ding Y, Sun LM (2017). "Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: an updated meta-analysis". Oncotarget. 8 (39): 66392–66401. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18915. PMC 5630421. PMID 29029521.
↑ Steinman J, Zaheer A, Kluger MD, Remotti H, Hecht EM (2017). "Rare pancreatic tumors". Abdom Radiol (NY). doi:10.1007/s00261-017-1342-x. PMID 29022085.
↑ Ran L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Bu H (2017). "Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of solid lesions of pancreas (SLP): A systematic review and a meta-analysis". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (28): e7463. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007463. PMC 5515757. PMID 28700485.
↑ Kołodziejczyk E, Wejnarska K, Oracz G (2016). "Autoimmune pancreatitis in the paediatric population - review of the literature and own experience". Dev Period Med. 20 (4): 279–286. PMID 28216481.
↑ Zhu L, Xue HD, Liu W, Wang X, Sui X, Wang Q, Zhang D, Li P, Jin ZY (2017). "Enhancing pancreatic mass with normal serum CA19-9: key MDCT features to characterize pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours from its mimics". Radiol Med. 122 (5): 337–344. doi:10.1007/s11547-017-0734-x. PMID 28197876.
↑ Sano I, Katanuma A, Yane K, Kin T, Nagai K, Yamazaki H, Koga H, Kitagawa K, Yokoyama K, Ikarashi S, Takahashi K, Maguchi H, Omori Y, Shinohara T (2017). "Pancreatic Metastasis from Rectal Cancer that was Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA)". Intern. Med. 56 (3): 301–305. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7213. PMC 5348454. PMID 28154274.
↑ Salaria SN, Shi C (2016). "Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors". Surg Pathol Clin. 9 (4): 595–617. doi:10.1016/j.path.2016.05.006. PMID 27926362.
↑ Kawasaki K, Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki Y, Tanaka N (2016). "Renal neuroendocrine tumour and synchronous pancreas metastasis: histopathological diagnosis using prostatic acid phosphatase". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-214759. PMID 27803081.
↑ Nassour I, Choti MA (2016). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms". JAMA. 316 (12): 1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9130. PMID 27673319.
↑ Javadi S, Menias CO, Korivi BR, Shaaban AM, Patnana M, Alhalabi K, Elsayes KM (2017). "Pancreatic Calcifications and Calcified Pancreatic Masses: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209 (1): 77–87. doi:10.2214/AJR.17.17862. PMID 28418702.
↑ Bergmann F (2016). "[Pancreatic acinar neoplasms : Comparative molecular characterization]". Pathologe (in German). 37 (Suppl 2): 191–195. doi:10.1007/s00292-016-0235-z. PMID 27807633.
↑ Cheng SK, Chuah KL (2016). "Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Pancreas: A Review". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 140 (6): 598–602. doi:10.5858/arpa.2015-0135-RS. PMID 27232353.
↑ Haage P, Schwartz CA, Scharwächter C (2016). "[Ductal adenocarcinoma and unusual differential diagnosis]". Radiologe (in German). 56 (4): 325–37. doi:10.1007/s00117-016-0090-1. PMID 27000276.
↑ Scialpi M, Reginelli A, D'Andrea A, Gravante S, Falcone G, Baccari P, Manganaro L, Palumbo B, Cappabianca S (2016). "Pancreatic tumors imaging: An update". Int J Surg. 28 Suppl 1: S142–55. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.053. PMID 26777740.
↑ Senosiain Lalastra C, Foruny Olcina JR (2015). "[Autoimmune pancreatitis]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish; Castilian). 38 (9): 549–55. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.01.006. PMID 25799073.
↑ Barbier L, Delpero JR (2014). "[Pancreatic tumours]". Rev Prat (in French). 64 (9): 1307–12. PMID 25638877.
↑ Díte P, Uvírová M, Bojková M, Novotný I, Dvorácková J, Kianicka B, Nechutová H, Dovrtelová L, Floreánová K, Martínek A (2014). "Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer". Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 60 (4): 247–53. PMID 25288201.
↑ Lalwani N, Mannelli L, Ganeshan DM, Shanbhogue AK, Dighe MK, Tiwari HA, Maximin S, Monti S, Ragucci M, Prasad SR (2015). "Uncommon pancreatic tumors and pseudotumors". Abdom Imaging. 40 (1): 167–80. doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0189-7. PMID 25063236.
↑ Dite P, Nechutova H, Uvirova M, Dvorackova J, Kianicka B, Martinek A (2014). "Autoimmune pancreatitis". Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 158 (1): 17–22. doi:10.5507/bp.2013.094. PMID 24572485.
↑ Mastoraki A, Tzortzopoulou A, Tsela S, Danias N, Sakorafas G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N (2014). "Hereditary pancreatitis: dilemmas in differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach". J Gastrointest Cancer. 45 (1): 22–6. doi:10.1007/s12029-013-9559-6. PMID 24242859.
↑ Beyer G, Menzel J, Krüger PC, Ribback S, Lerch MM, Mayerle J (2013). "[Autoimmune pancreatitis]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 138 (46): 2359–70, quiz 2371–4. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1349475. PMID 24193862.
↑ Al-Hawary MM, Kaza RK, Azar SF, Ruma JA, Francis IR (2013). "Mimics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma". Cancer Imaging. 13 (3): 342–9. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2013.9012. PMC 3800430. PMID 24060833.
↑ Bednar F, Scheiman JM, McKenna BJ, Simeone DM (2013). "Breast cancer metastases to the pancreas". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 17 (10): 1826–31. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2291-5. PMID 23918083.
↑ DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP (2013). "Chronic pancreatitis". Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 29 (5): 531–6. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283639370. PMC 4387887. PMID 23852141.
↑ Berger AW, Seufferlein T, Kleger A (2017). "[Cystic pancreatic tumors: diagnostics and new biomarkers]". Chirurg (in German). 88 (11): 905–912. doi:10.1007/s00104-017-0493-1. PMID 28831506.
↑ Nougaret S, Mannelli L, Pierredon MA, Schembri V, Guiu B (2016). "Cystic pancreatic lesions: From increased diagnosis rate to new dilemmas". Diagn Interv Imaging. 97 (12): 1275–1285. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2016.08.017. PMID 27840080.
↑ Xu MM, Yin S, Siddiqui AA, Salem RR, Schrope B, Sethi A, Poneros JM, Gress FG, Genkinger JM, Do C, Brooks CA, Chabot JA, Kluger MD, Kowalski T, Loren DE, Aslanian H, Farrell JJ, Gonda TA (2017). "Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of three current guidelines for the evaluation of asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasms". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (35): e7900. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007900. PMC 5585501. PMID 28858107.
↑ Dong J, Cong L, Zhang TP, Zhao YP (2016). "Pancreatic metastasis of renal cell carcinoma". HBPD INT. 15 (1): 30–8. PMID 26818541.

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid29029521-1] He XK, Ding Y, Sun LM (2017). "Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound for differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: an updated meta-analysis". Oncotarget. 8 (39): 66392–66401. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.18915. PMC 5630421. PMID 29029521.

[pmid29022085-2] Steinman J, Zaheer A, Kluger MD, Remotti H, Hecht EM (2017). "Rare pancreatic tumors". Abdom Radiol (NY). doi:10.1007/s00261-017-1342-x. PMID 29022085.

[pmid28700485-3] Ran L, Zhao W, Zhao Y, Bu H (2017). "Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of solid lesions of pancreas (SLP): A systematic review and a meta-analysis". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (28): e7463. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007463. PMC 5515757. PMID 28700485.

[pmid28216481-4] Kołodziejczyk E, Wejnarska K, Oracz G (2016). "Autoimmune pancreatitis in the paediatric population - review of the literature and own experience". Dev Period Med. 20 (4): 279–286. PMID 28216481.

[pmid28197876-5] Zhu L, Xue HD, Liu W, Wang X, Sui X, Wang Q, Zhang D, Li P, Jin ZY (2017). "Enhancing pancreatic mass with normal serum CA19-9: key MDCT features to characterize pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours from its mimics". Radiol Med. 122 (5): 337–344. doi:10.1007/s11547-017-0734-x. PMID 28197876.

[pmid28154274-6] Sano I, Katanuma A, Yane K, Kin T, Nagai K, Yamazaki H, Koga H, Kitagawa K, Yokoyama K, Ikarashi S, Takahashi K, Maguchi H, Omori Y, Shinohara T (2017). "Pancreatic Metastasis from Rectal Cancer that was Diagnosed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA)". Intern. Med. 56 (3): 301–305. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7213. PMC 5348454. PMID 28154274.

[pmid27926362-7] Salaria SN, Shi C (2016). "Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors". Surg Pathol Clin. 9 (4): 595–617. doi:10.1016/j.path.2016.05.006. PMID 27926362.

[pmid27803081-8] Kawasaki K, Kawaguchi Y, Suzuki Y, Tanaka N (2016). "Renal neuroendocrine tumour and synchronous pancreas metastasis: histopathological diagnosis using prostatic acid phosphatase". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-214759. PMID 27803081.

[pmid27673319-9] Nassour I, Choti MA (2016). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms". JAMA. 316 (12): 1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.9130. PMID 27673319.

[pmid28418702-10] Javadi S, Menias CO, Korivi BR, Shaaban AM, Patnana M, Alhalabi K, Elsayes KM (2017). "Pancreatic Calcifications and Calcified Pancreatic Masses: Pattern Recognition Approach on CT". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 209 (1): 77–87. doi:10.2214/AJR.17.17862. PMID 28418702.

[pmid27807633-11] Bergmann F (2016). "[Pancreatic acinar neoplasms : Comparative molecular characterization]". Pathologe (in German). 37 (Suppl 2): 191–195. doi:10.1007/s00292-016-0235-z. PMID 27807633.

[pmid27232353-12] Cheng SK, Chuah KL (2016). "Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Pancreas: A Review". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 140 (6): 598–602. doi:10.5858/arpa.2015-0135-RS. PMID 27232353.

[pmid27000276-13] Haage P, Schwartz CA, Scharwächter C (2016). "[Ductal adenocarcinoma and unusual differential diagnosis]". Radiologe (in German). 56 (4): 325–37. doi:10.1007/s00117-016-0090-1. PMID 27000276.

[pmid26777740-14] Scialpi M, Reginelli A, D'Andrea A, Gravante S, Falcone G, Baccari P, Manganaro L, Palumbo B, Cappabianca S (2016). "Pancreatic tumors imaging: An update". Int J Surg. 28 Suppl 1: S142–55. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2015.12.053. PMID 26777740.

[pmid25799073-15] Senosiain Lalastra C, Foruny Olcina JR (2015). "[Autoimmune pancreatitis]". Gastroenterol Hepatol (in Spanish; Castilian). 38 (9): 549–55. doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2015.01.006. PMID 25799073.

[pmid25638877-16] Barbier L, Delpero JR (2014). "[Pancreatic tumours]". Rev Prat (in French). 64 (9): 1307–12. PMID 25638877.

[pmid25288201-17] Díte P, Uvírová M, Bojková M, Novotný I, Dvorácková J, Kianicka B, Nechutová H, Dovrtelová L, Floreánová K, Martínek A (2014). "Differentiating autoimmune pancreatitis from pancreatic cancer". Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 60 (4): 247–53. PMID 25288201.

[pmid25063236-18] Lalwani N, Mannelli L, Ganeshan DM, Shanbhogue AK, Dighe MK, Tiwari HA, Maximin S, Monti S, Ragucci M, Prasad SR (2015). "Uncommon pancreatic tumors and pseudotumors". Abdom Imaging. 40 (1): 167–80. doi:10.1007/s00261-014-0189-7. PMID 25063236.

[pmid24572485-19] Dite P, Nechutova H, Uvirova M, Dvorackova J, Kianicka B, Martinek A (2014). "Autoimmune pancreatitis". Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 158 (1): 17–22. doi:10.5507/bp.2013.094. PMID 24572485.

[pmid24242859-20] Mastoraki A, Tzortzopoulou A, Tsela S, Danias N, Sakorafas G, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N (2014). "Hereditary pancreatitis: dilemmas in differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach". J Gastrointest Cancer. 45 (1): 22–6. doi:10.1007/s12029-013-9559-6. PMID 24242859.

[pmid24193862-21] Beyer G, Menzel J, Krüger PC, Ribback S, Lerch MM, Mayerle J (2013). "[Autoimmune pancreatitis]". Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. (in German). 138 (46): 2359–70, quiz 2371–4. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1349475. PMID 24193862.

[pmid24060833-22] Al-Hawary MM, Kaza RK, Azar SF, Ruma JA, Francis IR (2013). "Mimics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma". Cancer Imaging. 13 (3): 342–9. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2013.9012. PMC 3800430. PMID 24060833.

[pmid23918083-23] Bednar F, Scheiman JM, McKenna BJ, Simeone DM (2013). "Breast cancer metastases to the pancreas". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 17 (10): 1826–31. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2291-5. PMID 23918083.

[pmid23852141-24] DiMagno MJ, DiMagno EP (2013). "Chronic pancreatitis". Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 29 (5): 531–6. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283639370. PMC 4387887. PMID 23852141.

[pmid28831506-25] Berger AW, Seufferlein T, Kleger A (2017). "[Cystic pancreatic tumors: diagnostics and new biomarkers]". Chirurg (in German). 88 (11): 905–912. doi:10.1007/s00104-017-0493-1. PMID 28831506.

[pmid27840080-26] Nougaret S, Mannelli L, Pierredon MA, Schembri V, Guiu B (2016). "Cystic pancreatic lesions: From increased diagnosis rate to new dilemmas". Diagn Interv Imaging. 97 (12): 1275–1285. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2016.08.017. PMID 27840080.

[pmid28858107-27] Xu MM, Yin S, Siddiqui AA, Salem RR, Schrope B, Sethi A, Poneros JM, Gress FG, Genkinger JM, Do C, Brooks CA, Chabot JA, Kluger MD, Kowalski T, Loren DE, Aslanian H, Farrell JJ, Gonda TA (2017). "Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of three current guidelines for the evaluation of asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasms". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (35): e7900. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007900. PMC 5585501. PMID 28858107.

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@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 ** [[Colorectal cancer|Colon cancer]]: [[CEA]]
 ** [[Melanoma]]: [[S100B|S100]]
+|}
+Pancreatic cancer may also be distinguished from other causes of abdominal pain and jaundice as depicted in the table below:
+{| align="center"
+|-
+|
+{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px;" align="center"
+! colspan="3" rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Classification of acute abdomen based on etiology
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Disease
+! colspan="8" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Clinical manifestations
+! colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diagnosis
+! rowspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Comments
+|-
+! colspan="4" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | Symptoms
+! colspan="4" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | Signs
+|-
+! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | Fever
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Rigors and chills
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Abdominal Pain
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Jaundice
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Hypo-
+tension
+! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | Guarding
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Rebound Tenderness
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Bowel sounds
+! colspan="1" rowspan="1" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" | Lab Findings
+! align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Imaging
+|-
+! rowspan="39" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Abdominal causes
+! colspan="1" rowspan="27" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | Inflammatory causes
+! rowspan="8" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Pancreato-biliary disorders
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | Acute suppurative cholangitis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Abnormal [[LFT]]
+* WBC >10,000
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound shows [[biliary]] dilatation/stents/tumor
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Septic shock occurs with features of [[SIRS]]
+|-
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Cholangitis|Acute cholangitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | [[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Abnormal [[LFT]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound shows [[biliary]] dilatation/stents/tumor
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Biliary drainage ([[Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography|ERCP]]) + IV antibiotics
+|-
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Acute cholecystitis|Acute cholecystitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | [[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hypoactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Hyperbilirubinemia]]
+* [[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound shows gallstone and evidence of inflammation
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Murphy's sign|Murphy’s sign]]
+|-
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |  [[Acute pancreatitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | [[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Increased [[amylase]] / [[lipase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound shows evidence of [[inflammation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Pain radiation to back
+|-
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]/[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Increased AMA level, abnormal [[LFTs]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Increased liver enzymes
+* Increased [[IgM]], [[IgG]]4
+* [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[p-ANCA]])
+* [[Anti-nuclear antibody]] ([[ANA]])
+* [[Anti-smooth muscle antibody]] (Anti-Sm)
+* Anti-endothelial antibody
+* Anti-cardiolipin antibody
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cholelithiasis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]/[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N to hyperactive for dislodged stone
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound shows [[gallstone]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Murphy's sign|Murphy’s sign]]
+|-
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pancreatic cancer]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Elevated [[Bilirubin|serum bilirubin]] (conjugated and total)
+* Elevated [[alkaline phosphatase]] levels
+* Elevated [[gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase]] levels
+* Normal/elevated [[Aspartate transaminase|aspartate aminotransferase]] and [[Alanine transaminase|alanine aminotransferase]]
+* [[Amylase|Serum amylase]] and/or [[lipase]] levels are normal/elevated
+** mild [[Anemia|normocytic normochromic anemia]]
+** [[Thrombocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Computed tomography|CT]] shows [[Morphology|morphological]] changes of the [[gland]]
+* Destruction of the peripancreatic fat and loss of the sharp margins with surrounding structures
+* Involvement of the regional [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] and adjacent [[Circulatory system|vasculature]]
+* [[Pancreatic duct|Pancreatic ductal]] [[Dilation|dilatation]]
+* [[Pancreas|Pancreatic]] atrophy
+* [[Obstruction]] of the [[Common bile duct|common bile duct (CBD)]]
+* [[Ultrasound|USG]] shows:
+ ill defined hypoechoic mass is seen infiltrating into a bright ''pancreatic parenchyma''
+* [[Endoscopic ultrasound|EUS]]-guided [[Fine needle aspiration|fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)]] is the best modality for obtaining a tissue diagnosis.
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Signs of [[Metastasis|metastatic disease]] include:
+* Left [[Supraclavicular lymph nodes|supraclavicular]] [[lymphadenopathy]] ([[Virchow's node]])
+* Palpable periumbilical mass (''Sister Mary Joseph's node'')
+* [[Metastasis|Metastatic]] palpable mass in the [[rectal]] pouch (''Blumer's shelf'')
+* Involvement of other [[Lymph node|nodes]] in the [[cervical]] area
+|-
+! colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | Gastric causes
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | [[Peptic Ulcer Disease|Peptic ulcer disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | + in perforated
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Ascitic fluid
+** [[LDH]] > serum [[LDH]]
+** Glucose < 50mg/dl
+** Total protein > 1g/dl
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Air under [[diaphragm]] in upright [[CXR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Upper GI [[endoscopy]] for diagnosis
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastritis|Gastritis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|Gastroesophageal reflux disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastric outlet obstruction|Gastric outlet obstruction]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hyperactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Gastrointestinal perforation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |WBC> 10,000
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Air under [[diaphragm]] in upright [[CXR]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+! rowspan="8" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Intestinal causes
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Acute appendicitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +in pyogenic appendicitis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Starts in [[epigastrium]], migrates to RLQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | + in perforated appendicitis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hypoactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound shows evidence of [[inflammation]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea & vomiting]], [[decreased appetite]]
+|-
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Diverticulitis|Acute diverticulitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |LLQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hypoactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |CT scan and ultrasound shows evidence of inflammation
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Tests done to exclude other diseases as it diagnosis of exclusion
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Tests done to exclude other diseases as it diagnosis of exclusion
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Symptomatic treatment
+* High [[dietary fiber]]
+* [[Osmotic]] [[laxatives]]
+* [[Antispasmodic]] drugs
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Whipple's disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
+* [[Hypoalbuminemia]]
+* [[Small intestinal]] [[biopsy]] for [[Tropheryma whipplei]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |*[[Whipple's disease other diagnostic studies|Endoscopy]] is used to confirm diagnosis.
+Images used to find complications
+*[[Whipple's disease x ray|Chest and joint x-ray]]
+*[[Whipple's disease CT|CT]]
+*[[Whipple's disease MRI|MRI]]
+*[[Whipple's disease ultrasound|Echocardiography]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Extra intestinal findings:
+* [[Uveitis]]
+* [[Endocarditis]]
+* [[Encephalitis]]
+* [[Dementia]]
+* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
+* [[Arthritis]]
+* [[Ascites]]
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Toxic megacolon]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hypoactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Tropical sprue]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Celiac disease]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±, also [[dermatitis herpetiformis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hyperactive (increased sounds)
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* [[IgA]] endomysial antibody
+* [[IgA]] [[tissue transglutaminase]] antibody
+* [[Anti-gliadin antibodies|Anti-gliadin antibody]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+! rowspan="5" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Hepatic causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hepatitis|Viral hepatitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Liver mass|Liver masses]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | + in [[Liver abscess]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | + in sepsis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Budd-Chiari syndrome|Budd-Chiari syndrome]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Hemochromatosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RUQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Dull / aching
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | + in cirrhotic patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |may be in cardicmyopathy
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |>60% TS<br> >240 μg/L SF <br>Raised LFT <br>Hyperglycemia
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Ultrasound shows evidence of cirrhosis
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Extra intestinal findings:
+* hyperpigmentation
+* Diabetes mellitus
+* Arthralgia
+* Impotence in males
+* Cardiomyopathy
+* Atherosclerosis
+* Hypopituitarism
+* Hypothyroidism
+* Extrahepatic cancer
+* Prone to specific infections
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Cirrhosis|Cirrhosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |'''−'''
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | Peritoneal causes
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | + in cirrhotic patients
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hypoactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+* Ascitic fluid [[PMN]]>250 cells/mm<small>³</small>
+* Culture: Positive for single organism
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound for evaluation of liver cirrhosis
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+! colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" | Hollow Viscous Obstruction
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Small intestine obstruction
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hyperactive then absent
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Abdominal X-ray|Abdominal X ray]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea & vomiting]] associated with [[constipation]], [[Abdominal distension|abdominal distention]]
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Volvulus]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hypoactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |CT scan and [[Abdominal x-ray|abdominal X ray]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea & vomiting]] associated with [[constipation]], [[Abdominal distension|abdominal distention]]
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Biliary colic]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RUQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Increased [[bilirubin]] and [[alkaline phosphatase]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea & vomiting]]
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Renal colic]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Flank pain]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Hematuria]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |CT scan and ultrasound
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Colicky [[abdominal pain]] associated with [[Nausea and vomiting|nausea & vomiting]]
+|-
+! rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Vascular Disorders
+! rowspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Ischemic causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Mesenteric ischemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Periumbilical
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hyperactive
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]] and [[lactic acidosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |CT scan
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea & vomiting]], normal physical examination
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ischemic colitis|Acute ischemic colitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Hyperactive then absent
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |CT scan
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea & vomiting]]
+|-
+! rowspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Hemorrhagic causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Normal
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |CT scan
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Unstable hemodynamics
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Intra-abdominal or [[retroperitoneal hemorrhage]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Diffuse
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Anemia]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |CT scan
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |History of [[trauma]]
+|-
+! rowspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Gynaecological Causes
+! rowspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Tubal causes
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Torsion of the cyst
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RLQ / LLQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Increased [[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Sudden onset sever pain with [[nausea and vomiting]]
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Salpingitis|Acute salpingitis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RLQ / LLQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | −
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | ±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Leukocytosis]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Pelvic ultrasound]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |[[Vaginal discharge]]
+|-
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Cyst rupture
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RLQ / LLQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Increased [[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Sudden onset sever pain with [[nausea and vomiting]]
+|-
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Pregnancy
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Ruptured [[ectopic pregnancy]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |RLQ / LLQ
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Positive [[pregnancy test]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Ultrasound
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |History of missed period and [[vaginal bleeding]]
+|-
+! rowspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Extra-abdominal causes
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Pulmonary disorders
+| colspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Pleural empyema]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | +
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |±
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[RUQ]]/[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |Cardiovascular disorders
+| colspan="2" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;" align="center" |[[Myocardial Infarction]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |[[Epigastric]]
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | + in cardiogenic shock
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |−
+| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |N
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
+|-
+|}
+|}
+{|
+|-
+| <figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Right_upper_quadrant.PNG|link=Right upper quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|339x339px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>||<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Epigastric_quadrant_pain.PNG|link=Epigastric pain resident survival guide|179x179px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>||<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Left_upper_quadrant.PNG|link=Left upper quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|329x329px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
+|-
+| <figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Right_flank_quadrant.PNG|link=Right flank pain resident survival guide|338x338px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>||<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Umbilical_pain.PNG|link=Umbilical region pain resident survival guide|165x165px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>||<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Left_flank_quadrant.PNG|link=Left flank quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|335x335px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
+|-
+| <figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Right_lower_quadrant.PNG|link=Right lower quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|338x338px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>||<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Hypogastric.PNG|link=Hypogastric pain resident survival guide|199x199px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>||<figure-inline class="mw-default-size"><figure-inline>[[Image:Left_lower_quadrant.PNG|link=Left lower quadrant abdominal pain resident survival guide|335x335px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
 |}

Pancreatic cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:03, 16 November 2017

Overview

Differentiating Pancreatic Cancer from other Diseases

References

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