Gallstone disease risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Common Risk Factors=== | ===Common Risk Factors=== | ||
*Common risk factors in the development of Gallstone disease include: | *Common [[Risk factor|risk factors]] in the development of Gallstone disease include: | ||
**Age - Age is the most important risk factor where the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69. Cholelithiasis rarely exists in children unless in a hemolytic state.<ref name="pmid3653855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A |title=A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study |journal=Hepatology |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=913–7 |year=1987 |pmid=3653855 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **Age - [[Ageing|Age]] is the most important risk factor where the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69. [[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]] rarely exists in children unless in a [[Hemolysis|hemolytic state]].<ref name="pmid3653855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A |title=A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study |journal=Hepatology |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=913–7 |year=1987 |pmid=3653855 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Sex - A higher incidence is noted in women across all age groups.<ref name="pmid2642879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP |title=Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=96 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=487–92 |year=1989 |pmid=2642879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D |title=Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.) |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=158–65 |year=1995 |pmid=7817971 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **Sex - A higher incidence is noted in [[Female|women]] across all age groups.<ref name="pmid2642879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP |title=Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=96 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=487–92 |year=1989 |pmid=2642879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D |title=Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.) |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=158–65 |year=1995 |pmid=7817971 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Race- Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest incidence.<ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref> | **[[Race]] - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest [[incidence]].<ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Pregnancy - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in multiparous women.<ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **[[Pregnancy]] - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in [[Parity (medicine)|multiparous]] women.<ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
===Less Common Risk Factors=== | ===Less Common Risk Factors=== | ||
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**Increasing [[Ageing|age]] | **Increasing [[Ageing|age]] | ||
**[[Bowel resection|Extensive bowel resection]] | **[[Bowel resection|Extensive bowel resection]] | ||
**Use of medications like largactil, octreotide, and clofibrate | **Use of medications like largactil, [[Somatostatin|octreotide]], and [[clofibrate]] | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 18:14, 27 November 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of Gallstone Disease include Age, Sex, Pregnancy, and Oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of Gallstone disease include:
- Age - Age is the most important risk factor where the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69. Cholelithiasis rarely exists in children unless in a hemolytic state.[1]
- Sex - A higher incidence is noted in women across all age groups.[2][3][4]
- Race - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest incidence.[3]
- Pregnancy - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in multiparous women.[5]
Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of Gallstone disease include:
- Obesity
- Sudden weight loss
- Prolonged fasting
- Presence of Crohn's disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Diabetes
- Liver cirrhosis
- Increasing age
- Extensive bowel resection
- Use of medications like largactil, octreotide, and clofibrate
References
- ↑ Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A (1987). "A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study". Hepatology. 7 (5): 913–7. PMID 3653855.
- ↑ Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP (1989). "Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States". Gastroenterology. 96 (2 Pt 1): 487–92. PMID 2642879.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA (1970). "Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography". N. Engl. J. Med. 283 (25): 1358–64. doi:10.1056/NEJM197012172832502. PMID 5481754.
- ↑ Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D (1995). "Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.)". Am. J. Epidemiol. 141 (2): 158–65. PMID 7817971.
- ↑ Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F (1993). "Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium". Hepatology. 17 (1): 1–4. PMID 8423030.