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**Age is the most important risk factor and the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69. | **Age is the most important risk factor and the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69. | ||
***[[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]] rarely exists in children unless in a [[Hemolysis|hemolytic state]].<ref name="pmid3653855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A |title=A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study |journal=Hepatology |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=913–7 |year=1987 |pmid=3653855 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ***[[Gallstone disease|Cholelithiasis]] rarely exists in children unless in a [[Hemolysis|hemolytic state]].<ref name="pmid3653855">{{cite journal |vauthors=Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A |title=A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study |journal=Hepatology |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=913–7 |year=1987 |pmid=3653855 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**A higher incidence is noted in [[Female|women]] across all age groups.<ref name="pmid2642879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP |title=Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=96 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=487–92 |year=1989 |pmid=2642879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D |title=Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.) |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=158–65 |year=1995 |pmid=7817971 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ***A higher incidence is noted in [[Female|women]] across all age groups.<ref name="pmid2642879">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP |title=Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=96 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=487–92 |year=1989 |pmid=2642879 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid7817971">{{cite journal |vauthors=Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D |title=Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.) |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=158–65 |year=1995 |pmid=7817971 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[[Race]] - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest [[incidence]].<ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref> | **[[Race]] - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest [[incidence]].<ref name="pmid5481754">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA |title=Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=283 |issue=25 |pages=1358–64 |year=1970 |pmid=5481754 |doi=10.1056/NEJM197012172832502 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**[[Pregnancy]] - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in [[Parity (medicine)|multiparous]] women.<ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | **[[Pregnancy]] - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in [[Parity (medicine)|multiparous]] women.<ref name="pmid8423030">{{cite journal |vauthors=Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F |title=Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium |journal=Hepatology |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–4 |year=1993 |pmid=8423030 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include age, sex, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy. Less common risk factors include rapid weight loss, prolonged total parenteral nutrition and hepatic and biliary cirrhosis.
Risk Factors
Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include:
- Age is the most important risk factor and the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69.
- Cholelithiasis rarely exists in children unless in a hemolytic state.[1]
- A higher incidence is noted in women across all age groups.[2][3][4]
- Race - Common amongst Pima Indians, North Americans and Chileans. Japanese have the lowest incidence.[3]
- Pregnancy - Cholesterol gallstone incidence in pregnant women is very common, paarticularly in multiparous women.[5]
- Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus will cause motility problems in the gallbladder
- Obesity - Related to a high fat or high cholesterol diet
- Age is the most important risk factor and the most common age for developing gallstones was found to be between ages 40 - 69.
Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of gallstone disease include:
- Patients who rapidly lose weight or have undergone weightloss surgery
- Patients on long-term octreotide
- Patients on long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
- Patients treated with ceftriaxone[6][7]
- Prolonged fasting
- Presence of Crohn's disease
- Cystic fibrosis
- Liver cirrhosis
- Extensive bowel resection
- Use of medications such as
- Largactil
- Octreotide
- Clofibrate
References
- ↑ Barbara L, Sama C, Morselli Labate AM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio C, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A (1987). "A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: the Sirmione Study". Hepatology. 7 (5): 913–7. PMID 3653855.
- ↑ Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Ezzati TM, Johannes RS, Knowler WC, Larson DL, Sanders R, Shawker TH, Roth HP (1989). "Prevalence of gallstone disease in Hispanic populations in the United States". Gastroenterology. 96 (2 Pt 1): 487–92. PMID 2642879.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sampliner RE, Bennett PH, Comess LJ, Rose FA, Burch TA (1970). "Gallbladder disease in pima indians. Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography". N. Engl. J. Med. 283 (25): 1358–64. doi:10.1056/NEJM197012172832502. PMID 5481754.
- ↑ Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D (1995). "Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (M.I.COL.)". Am. J. Epidemiol. 141 (2): 158–65. PMID 7817971.
- ↑ Valdivieso V, Covarrubias C, Siegel F, Cruz F (1993). "Pregnancy and cholelithiasis: pathogenesis and natural course of gallstones diagnosed in early puerperium". Hepatology. 17 (1): 1–4. PMID 8423030.
- ↑ Maringhini A, Ciambra M, Baccelliere P, Raimondo M, Orlando A, Tinè F, Grasso R, Randazzo MA, Barresi L, Gullo D, Musico M, Pagliaro L (1993). "Biliary sludge and gallstones in pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and natural history". Ann. Intern. Med. 119 (2): 116–20. PMID 8512160.
- ↑ Shiffman ML, Keith FB, Moore EW (1990). "Pathogenesis of ceftriaxone-associated biliary sludge. In vitro studies of calcium-ceftriaxone binding and solubility". Gastroenterology. 99 (6): 1772–8. PMID 2227290.