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===Race===
===Race===
*Constipation usually affects individuals of the non-Caucasian race. Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop constipation.
*Constipation usually affects individuals of the non-Caucasian race. Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop constipation.
*The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41).<ref name="pmid15089911" />
*The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41).<ref name="pmid15089911" /><ref name="pmid2787735">{{cite journal |vauthors=Everhart JE, Go VL, Johannes RS, Fitzsimmons SC, Roth HP, White LR |title=A longitudinal survey of self-reported bowel habits in the United States |journal=Dig. Dis. Sci. |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1153–62 |year=1989 |pmid=2787735 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*
===Gender===
===Gender===
*Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1.<ref name="pmid15089911" />
*Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1.<ref name="pmid15089911" />
*Female to male ratio suffering from constipation in various studies is as the following:
{| class="wikitable"
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===Region===
===Region===
*The majority of [disease name] cases are reported in [geographical region].
*There is no regional difference in the prevalence of constipation.
 
===Developed and Developing Countries===
*[Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].
* Developing countries with lower income show higher prevalence of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income.
===Developed Countries===
* Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with prevalence of constipation.
===Developing Countries===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Author
! rowspan="2" |Criteria
! colspan="2" |Income
! colspan="2" |Education
|-
!USD per year
!Prevalence
(per 100,000 individuals)
!Status
!Prevalence
(per 100,000 individuals)
|-
|Sandler<ref name="pmid2297063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ |title=Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=185–9 |year=1990 |pmid=2297063 |pmc=1404600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Self-report
|
|
|
|
|-
|Johnson<ref name="pmid9468239">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johanson JF |title=Geographic distribution of constipation in the United States |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=188–91 |year=1998 |pmid=9468239 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00188.x |url=}}</ref>
|Self-report
|
|
|
|
|-
|Pare<ref name="pmid11721760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Rance L |title=An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=3130–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11721760 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x |url=}}</ref>
|Self-report
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |Talley<ref name="pmid8359649">{{cite journal |vauthors=Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ |title=Functional constipation and outlet delay: a population-based study |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=105 |issue=3 |pages=781–90 |year=1993 |pmid=8359649 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |ROME I functional constipation (FC)
| rowspan="3" | -
| rowspan="3" | -
|Less than high school graduated
|23,300
|-
|High school graduated
|18,400
|-
|More than high school graduated
|18,000
|-
| rowspan="3" |ROME I outlet obstruction (OD)
| rowspan="3" | -
| rowspan="3" | -
|Less than high school graduated
|16,300
|-
|High school graduated
|8,700
|-
|More than high school graduated
|12,000
|}
* Depending on the definition employed, constipation occurs in 2% of the population; it is more common in women, the elderly and children <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sonnenberg A, Koch TR |title=Epidemiology of constipation in the United States |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=1989 |pmid=2910654 |doi=}}</ref>
* Depending on the definition employed, constipation occurs in 2% of the population; it is more common in women, the elderly and children <ref>{{cite journal |author=Sonnenberg A, Koch TR |title=Epidemiology of constipation in the United States |journal=Dis. Colon Rectum |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=1989 |pmid=2910654 |doi=}}</ref>
* Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints in the United States. More than 4 million Americans have frequent constipation, accounting for 2.5 million physician visits a year.
* Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints in the United States. More than 4 million Americans have frequent constipation, accounting for 2.5 million physician visits a year.

Revision as of 21:44, 11 December 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of constipation is approximately 2,000 to 28,000 per 100,000 individuals in general population.[1][2]
  • It is estimated that 4-56 million people are suffering from constipation in United States.
  • The prevalence of constipation is approximately 1,900 to 27,200 (with an average of 14,800) per 100,000 individuals in North America.[3]
Year Sample size Diagnosis Prevalence

(per 100,000 individuals)

1964 890,394 Self-report 27,100
1971-1975 15,014 Self-report 12,800
1971-1975 11,024 Self-report 15,800
1983-1987 Not reported Self-report 1,900
1989 42,375 Self-report 3,400
1991 835 Self-report

OR

< 3 defection per week

17,400
1993 690 Self-report 5,000
ROME I functional constipation (FC) 19,200
ROME I outlet obstruction (OD) 11,000
1993 5,430 ROME I functional constipation (FC) 3,600
ROME I Dyschezia 13,800
1997 10,018 ROME II, FC, OD, or IBS-C (irritable bowel syndrome, constipation type) 14,700
2000 1,149 Self-report 27,200
ROME I 16,700
ROME II 14,900

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

  • The case-fatality rate of constipation is very low.
  • Very long-term constipation can cause death in elderly.
  • Persistent and transient constipation can increase the mortality rate up to 2.8% and 2%, respectively, rather than people without constipation.[4]
  • The general decline in 10-year survival rate of people with functional constipation is about 12%, comparing to normal population.[5]

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop constipation.
  • The incidence of constipation increases with age.[6]
Type of diagnosis Age group Prevalence

(per 100,000 individuals)

Self-report 30-34 21,200
35-39 21,000
40-44 21,600
45-49 23,400
50-54 26,200
55-59 27,700
60-64 29,700
65-69 32,800
70-74 37,300
75-79 42,600
80-84 48,600
≥85 54,600

Race

  • Constipation usually affects individuals of the non-Caucasian race. Caucasian individuals are less likely to develop constipation.
  • The non-White to White ratio of involving in constipation is from 1.13 to 2.89 (Mean 1.68, Median 1.41).[3][7]

Gender

  • Females are more commonly affected by constipation than males. The female to male ratio is approximately 2.2 to 1.[3]
  • Female to male ratio suffering from constipation in various studies is as the following:

Region

  • There is no regional difference in the prevalence of constipation.

Developed and Developing Countries

  • Developing countries with lower income show higher prevalence of constipation rather than developed countries with higher income.
  • Educational years in the population show an inverse relationship with prevalence of constipation.
Author Criteria Income Education
USD per year Prevalence

(per 100,000 individuals)

Status Prevalence

(per 100,000 individuals)

Sandler[8] Self-report
Johnson[9] Self-report
Pare[10] Self-report
Talley[11] ROME I functional constipation (FC) - - Less than high school graduated 23,300
High school graduated 18,400
More than high school graduated 18,000
ROME I outlet obstruction (OD) - - Less than high school graduated 16,300
High school graduated 8,700
More than high school graduated 12,000
  • Depending on the definition employed, constipation occurs in 2% of the population; it is more common in women, the elderly and children [12]
  • Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal complaints in the United States. More than 4 million Americans have frequent constipation, accounting for 2.5 million physician visits a year.

References

  1. ↑ Johanson JF, Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Clinical epidemiology of chronic constipation". J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 11 (5): 525–36. PMID 2551954.
  2. ↑ Stewart WF, Liberman JN, Sandler RS, Woods MS, Stemhagen A, Chee E, Lipton RB, Farup CE (1999). "Epidemiology of constipation (EPOC) study in the United States: relation of clinical subtypes to sociodemographic features". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94 (12): 3530–40. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01642.x. PMID 10606315.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Higgins PD, Johanson JF (2004). "Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 99 (4): 750–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04114.x. PMID 15089911.
  4. ↑ Koloski NA, Jones M, Wai R, Gill RS, Byles J, Talley NJ (2013). "Impact of persistent constipation on health-related quality of life and mortality in older community-dwelling women". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 108 (7): 1152–8. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.137. PMID 23670115.
  5. ↑ Chang JY, Locke GR, McNally MA, Halder SL, Schleck CD, Zinsmeister AR, Talley NJ (2010). "Impact of functional gastrointestinal disorders on survival in the community". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 105 (4): 822–32. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.40. PMC 2887253. PMID 20160713.
  6. ↑ HAMMOND EC (1964). "SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON PHYSICAL COMPLAINTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 1,064,004 MEN AND WOMEN". Am J Public Health Nations Health. 54: 11–23. PMC 1254627. PMID 14117648.
  7. ↑ Everhart JE, Go VL, Johannes RS, Fitzsimmons SC, Roth HP, White LR (1989). "A longitudinal survey of self-reported bowel habits in the United States". Dig. Dis. Sci. 34 (8): 1153–62. PMID 2787735.
  8. ↑ Sandler RS, Jordan MC, Shelton BJ (1990). "Demographic and dietary determinants of constipation in the US population". Am J Public Health. 80 (2): 185–9. PMC 1404600. PMID 2297063.
  9. ↑ Johanson JF (1998). "Geographic distribution of constipation in the United States". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 93 (2): 188–91. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00188.x. PMID 9468239.
  10. ↑ Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Rance L (2001). "An epidemiological survey of constipation in canada: definitions, rates, demographics, and predictors of health care seeking". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96 (11): 3130–7. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05259.x. PMID 11721760.
  11. ↑ Talley NJ, Weaver AL, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ (1993). "Functional constipation and outlet delay: a population-based study". Gastroenterology. 105 (3): 781–90. PMID 8359649.
  12. ↑ Sonnenberg A, Koch TR (1989). "Epidemiology of constipation in the United States". Dis. Colon Rectum. 32 (1): 1–8. PMID 2910654.


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