Constipation differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Eiman (talk | contribs)
nocaptcha, Administrators
3,082 edits
No edit summary
Line 80: Line 80:
!Tremor
!Tremor
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Gastrointestinal diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" rowspan="6" |'''[[Gastrointestinal diseases]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Malignancy]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Malignancy]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 104: Line 104:
* [[Colonoscopy|Rectosigmoidoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
* [[Colonoscopy|Rectosigmoidoscopy]] with [[biopsy]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Irritable bowel syndrome|Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Irritable bowel syndrome|Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Frequent change in [[Bowel movement|bowel habit]]
* Frequent change in [[Bowel movement|bowel habit]]
* [[Abdominal pain]] alleviating with [[bowel movement]]
* [[Abdominal pain]] alleviating with [[bowel movement]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Rolling out other [[Pathophysiology|pathophysiologies]]
* Rolling out other [[Pathophysiology|pathophysiologies]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Rectocele]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Rectocele]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
|Bulging [[rectum]]
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bulging [[rectum]]
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Obstruction]]
* [[Obstruction]]
* Absence of [[defecation]] and gas passing
* Absence of [[defecation]] and gas passing
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Anoscopy]]
* [[Anoscopy]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Anal fissure]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Anal fissure]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +++
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Increased [[sphincter]] tone
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Increased [[sphincter]] tone
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Rectal bleeding]] after [[defecation]]
* [[Rectal bleeding]] after [[defecation]]
* [[Painful]] [[Rectal examination|DRE]]  
* [[Painful]] [[Rectal examination|DRE]]  
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Digital rectal examination|DRE]]
* [[Digital rectal examination|DRE]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Anismus]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Anismus]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Increased [[sphincter]] tone
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Increased [[sphincter]] tone
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Absence of [[defecation]] and gas passing
* Absence of [[defecation]] and gas passing
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Digital rectal examination|DRE]]
* [[Digital rectal examination|DRE]]
|-
|-
|[[Diverticulosis]]
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Diverticulosis]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Chronic constipation
* Chronic constipation
* [[Bowel obstruction]]
* [[Bowel obstruction]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Colonoscopy]]
* [[Colonoscopy]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Neurologic diseases|Neurogenic diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" rowspan="8" |[[Neurologic diseases|Neurogenic diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Autonomic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Autonomic neuropathy|Diabetic autonomic neuropathy]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
Line 237: Line 237:
* [[FBS]] and [[HbA1C]]
* [[FBS]] and [[HbA1C]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anorexia nervosa]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Anorexia nervosa]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 260: Line 260:
* [[Clinical]] characteristics
* [[Clinical]] characteristics
|-
|-
|'''[[Parkinson's disease]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Parkinson's disease]]'''
| +/-
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/-
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| ++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | ++
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|'''↑↑'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''↑↑'''
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Muscle spasm|Muscle stiffness]]
* [[Muscle spasm|Muscle stiffness]]
* [[Drooling]]
* [[Drooling]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Brain [[MRI]]
* Brain [[MRI]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Multiple sclerosis]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Multiple sclerosis]]'''
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|↓'''↑'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''↓↑'''
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Blurred vision]]
* [[Blurred vision]]
* [[Erectile dysfunction]]
* [[Erectile dysfunction]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Brain [[MRI]]
* Brain [[MRI]]
* [[CSF]] biochemical profile
* [[CSF]] biochemical profile
|-
|-
|'''[[Depression]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Depression]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Hopelessness
* Hopelessness
* [[Weakness]] and [[fatigue]]
* [[Weakness]] and [[fatigue]]
* [[Depressed mood]]
* [[Depressed mood]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Psychological]] examination
* [[Psychological]] examination
|-
|-
|[[Hirschsprung disease]]
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hirschsprung disease]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|[[Blood]] tinged glove
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Blood]] tinged glove
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
* [[Abdominal distension|Abdominal distention]]
* [[Growth retardation]]
* [[Growth retardation]]
* [[Vomiting]]
* [[Vomiting]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Barium enema]]
* [[Barium enema]]
|-
|-
|[[Cerebral palsy]]
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Cerebral palsy]]'''
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|'''↑'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |'''↑'''
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Spastic paralysis|Spastic extremities paralysis]]
* [[Spastic paralysis|Spastic extremities paralysis]]
* [[Paresthesia]]
* [[Paresthesia]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Brain]] [[MRI]]
* [[Brain]] [[MRI]]
* [[Physical examination]]
* [[Physical examination]]
|-
|-
|[[Chagas disease]]
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Chagas disease]]'''
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Megaesophagus]] or [[megacolon]]
* [[Megaesophagus]] or [[megacolon]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Peripheral blood smear]]
* [[Peripheral blood smear]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Endocrine diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" rowspan="5" |[[Endocrine diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypothyroidism]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypothyroidism]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 419: Line 419:
* [[Thyroid function tests|Thyroid function tests (TFT)]]
* [[Thyroid function tests|Thyroid function tests (TFT)]]
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cystic fibrosis]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Cystic fibrosis]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 441: Line 441:
* [[Sweat chloride test|Sweat Cl test]]
* [[Sweat chloride test|Sweat Cl test]]
|-
|-
|[[Lead poisoning]]
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Lead poisoning]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +++
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +++
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Sideroblastic anemia]]
* [[Sideroblastic anemia]]
* [[Dysesthesia]]
* [[Dysesthesia]]
* [[Amnesia]]
* [[Amnesia]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Plasma [[lead]] level
* Plasma [[lead]] level
|-
|-
|[[Pheochromocytoma]]
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Pheochromocytoma]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hypertension]] crisis
* [[Hypertension]] crisis
* Severe [[headache]]  
* Severe [[headache]]  
* [[Blurred vision]]
* [[Blurred vision]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Urine [[Vanillyl mandelic acid|vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA)]] level
* Urine [[Vanillyl mandelic acid|vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA)]] level
|-
|-
|[[Panhypopituitarism]]
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Panhypopituitarism]]'''
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|↓
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |↓
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Amenorrhea]]
* [[Amenorrhea]]
* [[Growth retardation]]
* [[Growth retardation]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Hormone]] levels
* [[Hormone]] levels
* [[Brain]] [[MRI]]
* [[Brain]] [[MRI]]
|-
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" rowspan="3" |[[Electrolyte disturbances]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypomagnesemia]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypomagnesemia]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 538: Line 538:
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 556: Line 556:
* Plasma [[Calcium|Ca]] level
* Plasma [[Calcium|Ca]] level
|-
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypokalemia]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Hypokalemia]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 579: Line 579:
* Plasma [[K]] level
* Plasma [[K]] level
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Systemic diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" rowspan="2" |[[Systemic diseases]]
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Pregnancy]]'''
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Pregnancy]]'''
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
Line 604: Line 604:
* [[Ultrasonography]]
* [[Ultrasonography]]
|-
|-
|'''[[Systemic sclerosis]]'''
|style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |'''[[Systemic sclerosis]]'''
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| +
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
| -
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | -
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|Normal
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Normal
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* [[Raynaud phenomenon]]
* [[Raynaud phenomenon]]
* Fingertip [[ulcer]]
* Fingertip [[ulcer]]
|
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
* Clinical characteristics
* Clinical characteristics
* [[Anti-centromere antibodies|Anti-centromere]] and [[Anti Scl-70|anti-Scl-70 antibodies]]
* [[Anti-centromere antibodies|Anti-centromere]] and [[Anti Scl-70|anti-Scl-70 antibodies]]

Revision as of 17:17, 20 December 2017

Constipation Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Constipation from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Abdominal X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

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Primary Prevention

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Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Constipation On the Web

Most recent articles

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Powerpoint slides

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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Constipation

All Images
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MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

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NICE Guidance

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Constipation in the news

Blogs on Constipation

Directions to Hospitals Treating Constipation

Risk calculators and risk factors for Constipation

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]

Overview

Diseases that cause constipation should differentiate from each others, such as malignancy, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, irritable bowel syndrome, rectocele, fissure, anismus, systemic sclerosis, hypothyroidism, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and depression.

Differentiating Constipation from Other Diseases

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Weight loss>10 lb
•FHx of CRC
•Acute onset in elderly
•Hematoschezia
•Iron deficiency anemia
•Positive OB
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
•Analgesic
•Anticholinergic
••Antihistamines
••Antispasmodics
••Antidepressants
••Antipsychotics
•Cation-Containing agent
••Iron supplements
••Aluminum (antacids, sucralfate)
••Barium
•Neuron targeting agents
••Opiates
••Antihypertensive
••Ganglion blockers
••Calcium channel blockers
••5HT3 antagonists
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Alarm signs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Drugs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Constipation
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Abdominal pain
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
YES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Irritable bowel syndrome
Malignancy
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypothyroidism
Hypomagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Systemic sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson disease
Depression
Fissure
Anismus
Rectocele
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weight loss
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Anal pain
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
YES
 
 
 
NO
 
 
 
 
 
 
YES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Irritable bowel syndrome
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fissure
Anismus
Rectocele
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypothyroidism
Hypomagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Systemic sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson disease
Depression
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mass protrusion
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dry skin
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
YES
 
NO
 
YES
 
 
 
NO
 
 
 
 
 
YES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fissure
Anismus
 
 
 
 
 
Hypothyroidism
Systemic sclerosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypomagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson's disease
Depression
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rectal bleeding
 
 
 
 
 
Dysphagia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Neurologic symptoms
(tremor, abnormal gait)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
YES
 
NO
 
YES
 
NO
 
 
 
YES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Multiple sclerosis
Parkinson disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hypomagnesemia
Hypocalcemia
Depression
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basal ganglia atrophy in MRI
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Electrolyte disturbance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
YES
 
NO
 
YES
 
YES
 
NO
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Malignancy
 
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
 
Irritable bowel syndrome
 
Rectocele
 
Fissure
 
Anismus
 
Systemic sclerosis
 
Hypothyroidism
 
Parkinson's disease
 
Multiple sclerosis
 
Hypomagnesemia
 
Hypocalcemia
 
Depression
 

Differentiating Diseases that Cause Constipation

Diseases History and Symptoms Physical Examination Laboratory Findings Other Findings Diagnostic study of choice
Electrolyts

[Ca, K, Mg]

Biochemical tests
GI symptoms Extra GI symptoms Abnormal gait Anal protruding mass DRE Deep tendon reflex FBS TSH
Dysphagia Abdominal pain Anal pain Rectal bleeding Weight loss Polyphagia, Polyuria, Polydipsia Dry skin Tremor
Gastrointestinal diseases Malignancy - - +/- + ++ - - - - - Empty rectum Normal Normal Normal Normal
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - + +/- - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Rectocele - - - - - - - - - + Bulging rectum Normal Normal Normal Normal
Anal fissure - - +++ + - - - - - - Increased sphincter tone Normal Normal Normal Normal
Anismus - - + - - - - - - - Increased sphincter tone Normal Normal Normal Normal
Diverticulosis - + - + - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Neurogenic diseases Diabetic autonomic neuropathy - - - - + ++ +/- - +/- - Normal ↓ Normal ↑↑ Normal
Anorexia nervosa - - - - ++ - +/- - - - Normal Normal ↓ Electrolytes ↓ Normal
Parkinson's disease +/- - - - - - - ++ + - Normal ↑↑ Normal Normal Normal
Multiple sclerosis + - - - - - - + + - Normal ↓↑ Normal Normal Normal
  • Brain MRI
  • CSF biochemical profile
Depression - - - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Hirschsprung disease - + - + + - - - - - Blood tinged glove Normal Normal Normal Normal
Cerebral palsy + - - - + - - + + - Normal ↑ Normal Normal Normal
Chagas disease + - - - + - - - - - Normal ↓ Normal Normal Normal
Endocrine diseases Hypothyroidism - - - - - - + - - - Normal ↓↓ Normal Normal ↑↑
Cystic fibrosis - + - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Lead poisoning - +++ - - - - - + - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Pheochromocytoma - - - - - - - + - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Panhypopituitarism - - - - - - - - - - Normal ↓ Normal Normal Normal
Electrolyte disturbances Hypomagnesemia - + - - - - - + - - Normal ↓ ↓↓ Mg Normal Normal
  • Plasma Mg level
Hypocalcemia/Hypercalcemia - + - - - - - - - - Normal ↓ ↓Ca/↑Ca Normal Normal
  • Plasma Ca level
Hypokalemia - + - - - - - - +/- - Normal ↓ ↓K Normal Normal
  • Plasma K level
Systemic diseases Pregnancy - - - - - - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal
Systemic sclerosis + - - - - - + - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal

References

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